மிஹ்னாவின் ஆய்வு- இயல்- 3

 

,ay; - 03

 

3.0. nfhy;tnjOJjy; 90 ehtypd; Njhw;wg; gpd;dzpAk; cs;slf;fKk;.

3.1. Njhw;wg; gpd;dzp

3.2. cs;slf;fk;

3.2.1. murpay;

3.2.1.1. murpay; fl;rp

3.2.1.2. njhz;ld;

3.2.1.3. fl;rpj; jiytd;

3.2.1.4. Nju;jy;

3.2.1.4.1. Nju;jy; fsk;

3.2.1.4.2. Nju;jy; gpur;rhuk;

3.2.1.4.3. Nju;jy; gpur;rpid

3.2.2. Aj;jKk; mjd; jhf;fq;fSk;

3.2.3. tpLjiy czu;T

3.2.4. tu;f;f Kuz;epiy

3.2.5. fhjy; czu;T

3.2.6. fpof;fpyq;if kf;fspd; fyhrhu gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs;

3.2.6.1. rka rk;gpujhaq;fs;

3.2.6.2. ek;gpf;iffs;

 

 

 

 

3.0. nfhy;tnjOJjy; 90 ehtypd; Njhw;wg; gpd;dzpAk; cs;slf;fg; gFg;gha;Tk;.

3.1. Njhw;wg; gpd;dzp

kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; ,d;wpaikahj vz;zf;fUf;fSs; xd;whf td;Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpf Nkhrkhd td;Kiwfis tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;w ngaupy; njhlq;fp gaq;fukhd Kiwapy; Kbj;Js;s epiyik fhyk; fhykhf cyfj;jpy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. ,yq;ifia nghWj;jtiuapy;> ,J gy;ypd kf;fs; thOfpd;w xU ehlhFk;. ,q;F ,d uPjpahd td;KiwahdJ Muk;g fhyk; njhlf;fk; ,d;Wtiu ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,d uPjpahd td;Kiw my;yJ ,d Kuz;ghL vDk; NghJ> ehl;bd; Njrpa ,dq;fs; jk; milahsj;ij epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;s ,dk;> nkhop> gz;ghL> rhjp> nghUshjhhk; Kjypa ,d;Ndhud;d tplaq;fSf;fhf gpzf;FWtjhFk;. me;jtifapy;> rpq;fstUf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fk; ,ilapy; kpf ePz;lfhykhf ,lk;ngw;Wte;Js;s ,dNkhjyhdJ  K];ypk;fs; gf;fk; jpUk;gp mtu;fisAk; jhf;fp nrd;Ws;sJ.

,jd; tuyhw;wpidg; ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ> ghupa tuyhw;wpid <oj;Jg; gpur;rpid nfhz;Ls;sjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;. Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,yq;ifia Mf;fpukpj;j nghOJ ,yq;ifapYs;s tsq;fisg; gwpKjy; nra;J jd;Dila ehLfSf;F mDg;gpitj;jdu;. ,t;thW ,yq;if tsq;fis Ruz;Lk;nghOJ kf;fs; jkf;F vjpuhf jpUk;Gtij fz;L kf;fSf;F kj;jpapy; gpur;rpid cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W vz;zpf; fha;efu;j;jj; njhlq;fpdu;. ,jd; tpisthy;> 1921Mk; Mz;L rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; %ykhfNt ,dg; gpur;rpidapd; Muk;g mbj;jsk; cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ> nkdpq; murpay; jpl;lj;jpw;F Ke;jpa murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; jkpou;fSf;Fk; rpq;fstu;fSf;Fk; rk cupikahd murpay; gq;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; nkdpq; rPu;jpUj;jk; rpq;fstu;fSf;F mjpfkhd Kd;DupikAk; jkpou;fSf;F Fiwthd Kd;DupikAkhd murpay; rPu;jpUj;jj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ. ,JNt ,dg; gpur;rpidapd; mbg;gilahf fhzg;gLfpwJ. jkpo; rpq;fsk; ,U jiytu;fspilNa gpur;rpid cUthf;Ftjpy; nkdpq; kpfTk; mf;fiwahf ,Ue;jhu;. jkpo;j; jiytu; mUzhr;ryk; mtu;fs; jkpou;fSf;F rhu;ghf Fuy; nfhLj;jhu;. vdpDk;> mtUf;F rupahd murpay; je;jpuk; njupe;jpUf;ftpy;iy. mjdhy; mtUila fUj;JfSf;F kjpg;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy. xUgf;fk; Nghu;j;aJf;Nfau; jkpou;fSf;F MjuT toq;FtJ Nghd;W nraw;gl;L> kWGwk; rpq;fs jiytu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;F Vw;w tifapy; murpay; mikg;Gj; jpl;lj;ij cUthf;fpdu;. ,t;thW cUthf;fg;gl;l 1921Mk; Mz;L murpay; mikg;Gj; jpl;lk; rpq;fstu;fSf;F jpUg;jp mspf;fNt> jkpou;fSf;F mjpUg;jp mspj;jJ.

,jidj; njhlu;e;Jte;j nlhd%u; FOtpdupd; tUifAk; ,dg; gphr;rpidf;F fhuzkhf mike;jJ. mjhtJ> kfhj;kh fhe;jp ,yq;iff;F te;j nghOJ jkpou;fSk; rpq;fstu;fSk; ,ize;J mtiu tuNtw;W> mtu; jq;fpapUe;j ehl;fs; vy;yhk; midtUk; ,ize;Nj nray;gl;ldu;. ,jid fz;l Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; ,U ,dq;fSk; ,ize;J tpLk; vd;w fhuzj;jpdhYk; jd;Dila Fwpf;Nfhis epiy ehl;l KbahJ vd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; nlhld%u; %ykhf ,dg;gpur;rpidiaj; J}z;btpl;ldu;. ,jdhy; jkpou;fs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,r;re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ,e;jpah ,yq;iff;F cjtp nra;tjd; %ykhf ,e;jpahTld; ,yq;if ,iztjw;Fupa mwpFwpfs; njd;gl;ld. ,r;#oiy mtjhdpj;j nlhd%u;f; FOtpdu; mjid jLf;Fk; Kfkhf rpq;fstiu jk;gf;fk; ntd;nwLj;J jkpou;fSf;F ghjfkhdJk; rpq;fstu;fSf;F rhjfkhd murpayikg;G jpl;lj;jpid cUthf;fpdu;. xUGwk; jkpou;fspd; cupikfis Kw;WKOjhf gwpj;j gpupj;jhdpau;fs; kWGwk; jkpou;fs; kPJ ey;y mgpg;gpuhak; itj;jpUf;ff; $bathWk; ele;J nfhz;ldu;. ,t;thW mtu;fs; ey;y Kiwapy; elf;f> rpq;fstu;fSf;Fk; jkpou;fSf;Fkhd ,dg;G+ry;fs; Muk;gkhfpd.

,t;thW Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; tpijj;j ,dg;gif kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fdd;W nfhz;bUf;Fk; nghONj 1948Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; mile;jJ. Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; xw;iw Ml;rp njhlu;e;jikapdhy; ngUk;ghd;ikahd rpq;fstu;fspd; Nkyhjpf;fk;  Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,dKuz;ghL NkYk; tsuj; njhlq;fpaJ. 1956f;Fg; gpd;duhd fhyg;gFjpapy; njhlu;e;Jk; ehL KOtJk; jkpopdj;jpd; kPJ rpq;fs ,dthjk; fz; %f;F ghuhky; fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F murhq;fj;jiytu;fSk; ngsj;j kj jiytu;fSk; MjuTk; mDruiz toq;fp xU ngUk; ,d mopg;ig Nehf;fp mioj;J te;jdu;. Ml;rpahsu;fspd; rpq;fs FbNaw;wq;fs;> nkhop cupikg; gwpg;G> cau;fy;tpapy; jug;gLj;jg;gly; Nghd;w gy;NtW xLf;F Kiwfshy; jkpou;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Kuz;ghL MAjg; Nghuhl;lkhf khwpaJ. ,jidj; J}z;btpLk; tpjkhf aho;g;ghzj;jpy; rpq;fs NghyPrhu; xUtupd; nfhiy rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J Nghuhl;lq;fSk; Aj;jq;fSk; Mf;Nuh\kilaj; njhlq;fpd. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; jkpo; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,df;FO Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. jkpo; ,dk; jd; cupik kPl;f murpay; uPjpahf ntd;Wtplyhk; vd epidj;j NghJ rpy murpay; thjpfspd; ,dthj murpay; jkpo; ,dj;ij jkpo; <o jdp ehl;Lf; Nfhupf;iff;F ,l;Lr; nrd;wJ. ,jid xl;b 1976,y; jkpo;g; Gypfs; mikg;gpd; ngau; jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ,af;fkhf khwp> tpLjiy GypfSf;F murhq;fj;jpw;Fkpilapy; gpur;rpid Vw;gl;lJ. ,jpy; K];ypk;fSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,t;thNw rpq;fs jkpou; ,dg;gpur;rpid K];ypk;fspd; gf;fk; jpUk;gp>  gpd;du; jkpou; - K];ypk; ,dg;gphr;rpidahf tsu;r;rpaile;jJ. ,t;thW Njhd;wpa jkpou; - K];ypk; ,dKuz;ghl;bd; mfntspg;ghl;il Nehf;Fkhapd;>

tlf;F fpof;F khfhzq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> jkpo;f; fpuhkq;fSk; K];ypk; fpuhkq;fSk; xU njhluhf ,y;yhJ xd;Wld; xd;W fye;J fhzg;gl;ld. K];ypk;fs; cupik nfhz;Ls;s tptrha epyq;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jkpou;fspd; fpuhkq;fis mLj;Nj fhzg;gLfpd;wd. Fbrdg;ngUf;fk; fhuzkhf FbapUg;Gf;fhzp epyk; NghjhjpUg;gJk;; tp];jupg;Gf;fhd ,lk; ,y;yhjpUg;gJk;> fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; xU ghupa gpur;ridahFk;. epyg;gw;whf;Fiwg; gpur;rid jPtpukile;jikahy; jq;fsJ gFjpfSk; tpahgpg;Gf;F cl;gLj;jg;glyhk; my;yJ Mf;fukpf;fg;glyhk; vd;w mr;rk; ,U r%fq;fSf;fpilNaAk; re;Njfj;ijAk; neUf;fbiaAk; mjpfupf;fr; nra;jpUe;jJ. ,JFwpj;J r%fg;> nghUshjhu epiyik fhuzkhf ,U r%fq;fSf;FkpilNa Gjpa tpjpKiwfs; Njhd;wyhapd. ,t;tpjpfSk; fl;Lg;ghLfSk; gy E}w;whz;Lfhykhf xw;Wikahf tho;e;J te;j ,U r%fq;fSk;  jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ijAk; ,dj;Jt cupikfisAk; gpuj;jpNafkhfg; Ngzp ghJfhf;f Kide;J epw;gijj; njl;lj; njspthf vLj;Jf;fhl;bd.

tlf;F fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;fsJ Ke;jpa jiyKiwfspd; njhopy; ngUk;ghYk; tptrhakhf ,Ue;jJld;> rpwpjsT kPd;gpbAlDk; tpahghuj;JlDk; njhlu;GilajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. ,ytr fy;tpKiwapdJk; ney;Yf;fhd cj;juthj tpiyj;jpl;ljpdJk; mwpKfq;fspd; gpd;du; fpof;F khfhz K];ypk;fsJ fy;tp epiyikAk; nghUshjhu epiyAk; fzprkhd msT Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;ld. K];ypk;fSf;fspilNa gy;fiyf;fofg; gl;ljhupfs;> eLj;ju mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;; lhf;lu;fs;> nghwpapayhsu;fs;> fzf;fhsu;fs;> rl;lty;Ydu;fs;> njhopy; El;gtpayhsu;fs; vd;Nghupd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupj;jJ. Fwpg;ghf Mrpupau;fs; njhif ,yq;ifapd; Vida K];ypk; gFjpfis tpl fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; mjpfupj;jikapid Gs;sptpguq;fs; fhl;Lfpd;wd. RUf;fkhfr; nrhy;yg;Nghdhy;> K];ypk;fSf;fhd Gj;jp[Ptpj;Jtk; fpof;F khfhzj;jpw;F ,lk; ngau;e;J khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sjhff; $wyhk;.

,t;thwhdnjhU #o;epiyapy;> tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; jkpou;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; mikjpAlDk;; rkhjhdj;JlDk; xj;jpzq;fp tho;fpd;wdu; vd;W gutyhff; $wg;gLk; fUj;Jf;F Kuzhd tifapy;> Fwpg;ghf 1948,y; ,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j gpd;du; jkpou;fspilNa K];ypk;fs; gw;wpa vjpu;g;Gzu;Tk; gifikAk; $Ljyhf tsu;e;J te;Js;sJ. jq;fis tpl K];ypk;fs; nghUshjhu uPjpapy; trjpAlDk; fy;tpapy; Kd;Ndwpf;nfhz;Lk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs; vd vz;zpdu;. NkYk;> K];ypk; jiytu;fs; ehl;Lg;gpuptpidf; Nfhupf;iffs; vd;tw;wpw;F mDruizahf ,y;yhjpUe;j fhuzj;jpd; gydhf> K];ypk;fs; Ml;rpapypUf;Fk; murhq;fq;fspd; ey;nyz;zj;ijg; ngw;wpUe;j Ntisapy;> jkpou;fs; jkf;nfd jdpahd jkpo; <ok; xd;iw mikf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Nfhupf;ifapd; mbg;gilapyhd Nghuhl;l eltbf;ifspy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;jikapdhy; mg;NghJ Ml;rp nra;j murhq;fq;fspypUe;J jk;ik md;dpag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. jkpou;fsJ jdpehl;Lf; Nfhupf;iffSf;F mDjhgk; fhl;lhj fhuzj;jpdhy; jkf;fpilNa Njhd;wpAs;s xU Mgj;J vd jkpou;fs; fUjpdu;.

tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; thOk; jkpou;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; Gtpapay; uPjpahf mUfUNf tho;tjhYk;> nghUshjhu mbg;gilapy; xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fpapUg;gjhYk; gy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; kpfTk; mw;gkhd tplaq;fspy; $l gpzf;Ffs; Vw;gl;L te;jpUf;fpd;wd. cjhuzkhf jkpo; gFjpfis fle;J jq;fs; tay;fSf;F nry;Yk; K];ypk;fs; Jd;GWj;jg;gLjy;> thfdq;fs; flj;jg;gLjy;> K];ypk;fSf;Fupa ney;> fhy;eilfisf; nfhs;isapLjy; Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,JNt fhyg;Nghf;fpy; jkpo;> K];ypk; ,dg;; gpur;rpidia NkYk; Nkhrkilar;nra;jJ.

,yq;ifapy; 1983Mk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;w ,df;fytuj;jpd; gpd;du; tlf;fpYk; fpof;fpYk; jkpou;fs; K];ypk;fs; kPJ nfhz;Ls;s vjpu;g;Gzu;TfisAk; ntWg;igAk; ntspg;gilahfd; fhl;l Kw;gl;ldu;. K];ypk;fs;> jkpou;fSila epyq;fis mgfupg;gtu;fs;> jkpo; njhopyhsu;fisr; Ruz;Lgtu;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> njhopy; El;gfy;Y}upfspy; jq;fs; tha;g;Gf;fis ,y;yhkyhf;Fgtu;fs; vdg; gfpuq;fkhfj; J}rpf;fg;gl;ldu;. epu;thf uPjpapy; jkpou;fsJ cs;Suhl;rp vy;iyf;Fs; mike;j K];ypk; fpuhkq;fSf;Fg; nghJ trjpfs; kWf;fg;gl;ld. K];ypk; gFjpfspypUe;J jkpo;Nghuhspfshy; Jg;ghf;fp Kidapy; fg;gk; mwtplg;gl;L> eiffs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;ld. thfdq;fs;> tptrha cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd mgfupf;fg;gl;ld.

,j;jifa rk;gtq;fs; epk;kjpaw;w epiyikia K];ypk;fspilNa Njhw;Wtpj;jJld; jkpou;fsJ jdpehl;Lf; Nfhupf;ifia rhj;jpakhf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; mtu;fSld; murpay; nghUshjhu mjpfhuq;fspy;; ePjp epahag;gb gfpu;e;J nfhs;sf; $ba rhj;jpak; Vw;glg; Nghtjpy;iy vd;w czu;Tk; K];ypk;fspilNa tYg;ngwj; njhlq;fpd.

1985Mk; Mz;bd; Muk;g fhyg;gFjpapy; Nghuhspfspd; mjpfupj;j eltbf;iffSld; jkpou;fs; K];ypk;fs; kPJ nfhz;bUe;j vjpu;g;Gzu;Tk; NkYk; cf;fpukhd khw;wq;fisg; ngw;wJ. ,jd;tpisthf> jkpo; ,af;fj;jtu;fs; mr;RWj;jpg; gzk; gwpj;jy;> Jg;ghf;fp Kidapyhd Ml;flj;jy;> gyhj;fhuk; Nghd;w nray;fs; Mq;fhq;Nf guthyhf ,lk;ngwyhapd. ,t;thwhd epiyikfis jzpg;gjw;Fk; MAjk; Ve;jp K];ypfs;> jkpou;fSf;F vjpuhf Nghuhl Kw;glhj rhj;tPf topfspy; gyjug;gl;l jw;fhg;G Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;ldu;. ,jpy; jkpo; MAjthjpfs; xU K];ypk; tpahghupaplk; nfhs;isabf;Fk; Ntisapy; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpdiu gzaf;ifjpahf vLj;Jr; nry;y Kw;gl;ldu;. ,e;j mlhtbj;jdj;jhy; Mj;jpukile;j K];ypk;fs; jkJ vjpu;g;gpid xU mikjpahd `u;j;jhy; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;fs;. 1985 Mk; Mz;L Vg;uy; khjk; 8Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J 12Mk; jpfjp tiu ,e;j `u;j;jhy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. mjd; gpd; kPz;Lk; vy;yh tpahghu epiyaq;fSk; 13 Mk; jpfjp jpwf;fg;gl;lJ.

1985 ,y; Vg;uy; khjk; 14 Mk;jpfjp khiy 9 kzpf;F mf;fiug;gw;wpypUe;J 10 iky; njhiyapYs;s fhiujPT vd;Dk; jkpo; fpuhkj;jpypUe;J 13 jkpo; MAjthjpfisf; nfhz;l xU Nfh\;b> [Pg; tz;b xd;wpy; mf;fiug;gw;Wf;Fs; Ntfkhf Eioe;jJ. MAjghzpfshf te;j ,tu;fs; rukhupahf Jg;ghf;fp Ntl;Lf;fis jPu;j;jdu;. mf;fiug;gw;W efug;gs;spthrYf;Fs; Kjy; Ntl;Lf;fs; jPu;f;fg;gl;ld. gpujhd re;ij re;jpia Nehf;fp tpiue;j [Pg; tz;b ntF Ntfkhf Xl;lg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf re;jp tistpy; jlk; Guz;lJ. gpuahzk; nra;j gyu; tpgj;jpy; kuzkila vQ;rpNahu; nghyprhuhy; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

,e;j rk;gtj;jpypUe;J Muk;gpj;j jkpo; K];yPk; ,df;fytuk;> fy;Kid> fhj;jhd;Fb> Vwht+u;> Xl;lkhtb> thior;Nrid> %J}u;> fpz;zpah Mfpa ,lq;fSf;Fk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ. MAjk; jhq;fpatu;fshy; gy E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd K];ypk;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldu;. K];ypk;fspdJk; jkpou;fspdJk; gy Nfhb &gha;fs; ngWkjpahd nrhj;Jf;fs; vupf;fg;gl;L mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j 1985 Vg;uy; fytuq;fspd;; NghJjhd; fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; Kjy; jlitahf jkpou;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; ,d uPjpahf xUtNuhL xUtu; kpf Nkhrkhf Nkhjpf; nfhz;ldu;.

1985 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgu; 28 Mk; jpfjp %J}upy; fyPgh fyPy; vd;Dk; K];ypk; ,isQu; jdJ tPl;bypUe;J jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; flj;jg;gl;L nfhiy nra;ag;gl;L kpd;fk;gj;jpy; fl;lg;gl;lhu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf 34 jkpo; tPLfs; cilf;fg;gl;ld. jkpo;jug;G Mj;jpuk; nfhz;L %d;W K];ypk;fisAk; nfhd;W 324 tPLfisAk; cilj;jdu;> 25 filfSk; vupf;fg;gl;ld.

1988 khu;r; 6 Mk; jpfjp fhj;jhd;Fb efurig Kd;dhs; jiytu; my;`h[; m`kl;nyg;Ng nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. 1990Mk; Mz;L gs;spapy; njhOJ nfhz;bUf;ifapy; 106 K];ypk;fs; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldu;. mNj thuj;jpy; kf;fh `[; ahj;jpiu Kbj;Jtpl;L tPL jpUk;gpa `h[pfs; cl;gl 86 K];ypk;fSk; fSthQ;rpFbapy; flj;jg;gl;L gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

,uz;L thuq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; Vwht+upy; rj;jhk; `_ird; fpuhkk; jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; jhf;fg;glL 1000f;Fk; $Ljyhd K];ypk; Mz;> ngz;> Foe;ijfs; nfh^ukhff; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

1989 etk;gu; Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpduhy; fhiujPtpy; 24 K];ypk; nghyp]; upNrt; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

1985 Mz;L Nkkhjk; jkpo; K];ypk; fytuk; Vw;gl;L Vwf;Fiwa xU khjj;jpd; gpd; %J}upy; jkpou;fSf;F vjpuhf ,yq;if ,uhZtj;jpduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ghupa jhf;Fjypd; tpisthf jkpou;fs; ntFthfg; ghjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,e;j rpf;fyhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; jkpou;fSf;F cjtpf;fuk; ePl;batu;fs; K];ypk;fNs. MapDk;> K];ypk;fspdhy; fhl;lg;gl;l ,e;j gupT jkpou; MAj mikg;Gf;fspd; Nghf;fpy; K]ypk;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; ve;jtpj khw;wj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy.

jkpo; MAjthjpfs; %J}u; K];ypk; cjtp murhq;f mjpgu; [dhg; `gPg; K`k;kij 1997 nrg;nuk;gu; 3Mk; jpfjp gLnfhiy nra;jdu;. ,r; rk;gtj;jpw;fhd jkJ vjpu;g;ig fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; thOk; midj;J K];ypk;fSk; gfpuq;fkhfNt ntspg;gLj;jpdu;. ,e;j mEjhg ntspg;gLj;jypdhy; Mj;jpuKw;w jkpo; MAjthjpfs; 1987 nrg;nuk;gu; 10 Mk; jpfjp fy;Kidapy; K];ypk;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd filfs;> tPLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhs;isabj;J vupj;jdu;. ,e;jj; jhf;Fjy;fs; eilngWk; NghJ ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilAk; mq;fpUe;jJ. jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; mopf;fg;gl;l K];ypk;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; Rkhu; 6 NfhbNa 70 ,yl;rk;.

1987 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nuhgu; khjk; 12 Mk; jpfjp %J}upy; MAjNke;jpa gpuptpidthjpfspdhy; K];ypk;fs; kPJ ghupa jhf;Fjy; xd;W Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,j; jhf;Fjypd;NghJ ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdUk; mq;fpUe;jdu;. ,j;jhf;Fjypdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l %J}upypUe;J ntspNawpa Mapuf;fzf;fhd K];ypk; mfjpfspd; guhkupg;G Ntiyfspy; Jupjkhf <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;j NtisapNyNa Kd;dhs; %J}u; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk; gpujpaikr;rUkhd [dhg;. mg;Jy; k[Pj; 1987 etk;gu; 17 Mk; jpfjp nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; xU gpujhd K];ypk; gl;lzkhfpa Xl;lkhtbapy; 1987 brk;gupy; ,uz;lhk; jpjfp ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilapdUf;Fk; jkpo; MAjjhupfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Vw;gl;l Nkhjypd; NghJ 26 K];ypk;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lJld; 200 K];ypk;fs; fhag;gLj;jg;gl;ldu;. K];ypk;fSf;F nrhe;jkhd Vuhskhd tPLfSk; filfSk; vupf;fg;gl;ld> mopf;fg;gl;ld. K];ypk; ngz;fs; gyu; ,e;jpa mikjpg;gil tPuu;fshy; ghypay; td;Kiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;ljhf Kiwg;ghLfs; nra;ag;gl;ld. 14>000 K];ypk;fs; mfjpfshf fpof;F khfhzj;jpypUe;J jg;gp Xb> tl kj;jpa efukhd nghyd;dWitapy; jQ;rk; GFe;jdu;.

1987Mk; Mz;L brk;gu; khjk; 30 Mk; jpfjp 30>000 K];ypk;fisf; nfhz;l kl;lf;fsg;gpy; kpfg; gpujhd K];ypk; efukhd fhj;jhd;Fb MAjNke;jpatu;fspdhy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j nfh^u jhf;Fjypd; NghJ 60 K];ypk;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. 200f;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;Lf;fhaq;fSf;Fs;shfpdu;. 20 Nfhb ngWkjpf;Fk; $Ljyhd nrhj;Jf;fs; nfhs;isabf;fg;gl;Lk; vupf;fg;gLk; ehrk; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,t;tdu;j;jq;fs; ahTk; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapdu; ,q;F epiy nfhz;bUe;j NghNj eilngw;wd. ,uz;Nl ,uz;L ehl;fs; jhf;Fjy; eilngw;w NghjpYk; fhj;jhd;Fb kPJ Kw;Wifaplg;gl;L> 1988 [dtupapypUe;J rfy Nghf;Fthj;Jf;fSk; jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; jilnra;ag;gl;ld.

1992 xf;Nlhgu; khjk; jkpo;Gypfs; nghyd;eWit khtl;lj;jpy; mf;gu;Guk;> m`kl;Guk;> gs;spanfhly;y Mfpa fpuhkq;fisj; jhf;fp 200f;Fk; $Ljyhd K];ypk;fis gLnfhiy nra;jdu;.

1990Mk; Mz;L xf;Nuhgu; khjk; ahUNk vjpu;ghuhj tifapy; rLjpahf tlkhfhzk K];ypk; fpuhkq;fspy; jkpo; Gypfs; xyp ngUf;fp %yk; K];ypk;fs; jkJ tPLfisAk; cilikfisAk; tpl;Ltpl;L 48 kzpj;jpahyq;fSf;Fs; ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; mg;gb ntspNawhtpl;lhy; nfhy;yg;gLthu;fs; vd;W mwptpj;jdu;. ,t;twptpj;jy; vUf;fyk;gpl;bapy; xf;Nuhgu; 24 Mk; jpfjpAk; tplj;jy; jPT Krypg; gFjpfspy; xf;Nuhgu; 25 Mk; jpfjpAk; aho;g;ghz efupy; 29Mk; jpfjpAk; mwptpf;fg;gllJ.

,jidj; njhlu;eJ K];ypk;fspd; eiffisAk; ngWkjpahd nghUl;fisAk; jkpo; Gypfs; mgfupj;jdu;. vjpu;j;j K]ypk;fis jkpo; MAjthjpfs; kpf Nkhrkhfj; jhf;fp jz;bj;jdu;. tlkhfhz K];ypk;fs; epu;f;fjpahd epiyapy; FLk;gk; FLk;gkhf nrhy;nyhzhj; Jauhj;NjhL 100f;F Nkw;gl;l K];ypk; fpuhkq;fspypUe;J jkpou;fshy; tpul;babf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,t;thW ,dg;gpur;rpid %u;f;fk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJ> 1990 khu;r; khjk; 1200 ,uhZt tPuu;fis ,oe;j epiyapy; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk; gilAk; ,yq;ifapypUe;J ntspNawpaJ.

,jd;gb> 1990Mk; Mz;L etk;gu; khjk; Kjyhk; jpfjp jkpo; MAjthjpfspdhy; elhj;jg;gl;l ,d Rj;jpfupg;G eltbf;ifapdhy; tlkhfhzk; KOtJk; K];ypk;fsw;w gpuNjrkhf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ngUk; Jauj;ijAk; ,og;igAk; jkpo; kf;fSila tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; K];ypk;fs; kPJ Rkj;jpAs;sJ. ,tw;wpypUe;J tlf;F fpof;F K];ypk; kf;fs; jq;fis ghJfhj;Jnfhs;s Ntz;ba mhrpay; NjitiaAk; czu;e;J tpl;lhu;fs;.

,jw;fpilapy;> K];ypk;fSf;fhd murpay; fl;rpahf ‘K];ypk; fhq;fpu];;’ vOr;rp ngw;W te;jJ. mjhtJ> MSq;fl;rpapypUe;j ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; tha;Ngr KbahjpUe;je;j epiyapy;> vk;. vr;. vk;. m\;ug; mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vDk; murpay;f;fl;rp Njhw;wk;ngw;wJ. njhlu;e;J ,lk;ngw;W te;j ,dNkhjypdhy; K];ypk;fspd; murpay;> vjpu;fhyk; kOq;fbf;fg;gl;LtpLk; vd;gjid njspthf czu;e;j m\;ug; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fSf;fhf mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf K];ypk;fSf;fhf mtu;fspd; murpay; jdpj;Jtj;ij epiyepWj;Jtjw;fhf = yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vd;w ,af;fj;jpid gy Gj;jp[PtpfSld; xd;wpize;J 1981,y; cUthf;fpdhu;.

,jd; %yk; mtu; K];ypk; kf;fspd; murpay; czu;tpid jl;b vOg;gpdhu;. = yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; xU tpUl;rkhf tsu Muk;gpj;jJ. ,jw;fpilapy;> fy;Kidapy; Vw;gl;l jkpo; K];ypk; ,d Khz;ghL m\;uigf; nfhOk;G Nehf;fp Fbngaur; nra;jJ. fhyq;fs; fle;jd> nfhOk;gpypUe;J nfhz;L K];ypk;fspd; murpay; njhlu;gpy; gy;NtW tpjkhf rpe;jpj;jhu;. rt+jpapypUe;J te;j vk;. up. `rd; myp kw;Wk; vk;. I. vk;. ,];khapy; MfpNahu; m\;uig re;jpj;J K];ypk;fspd; murpay; njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahbdu;. gpd;du; mjpy; kUJ}u;fdpAk; ,ize;J nfhz;lhu;.

Kbthf> 1986. 11. 29Mk; jpfjp =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; xU ,af;fkhf cUthf;fg;gl;L 1988. 02. 11Mk; jpfjp kur;rpd;dj;Jld; Nju;jy; Mizahsuhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l fl;rpahf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;fl;rpf;F KO MjuitAk; toq;fpa fpuhkk; xYtpy;. ,J ngUksT ghku kf;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,tu;fs; m\;uig xU Mju;\ GU\uhf> xU ngupa `PNuhthf Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. ,tu;fsJ Mju;Tld;> 1989Mk; Mz;L eilngw;w ehlhSkd;w Nju;jypy; 202>016 thf;Ffis ,yq;if KOtjpYk; ngw;w ,f;fl;rp ehd;F Mrdq;fSld; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jJ.

mjd; gpd;du;> 1994. 03. 01 ,y; fpof;fpy; gpuNjr rigj; Nju;jy; ,lk;ngw;wJ. jpfhkLy;iy khtl;lj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; ngUk;ghd;ikahf thOk; VNjDk; xU gpuNjr rigapy; = yq;fh K];ypk; fuq;fph]; Njhy;tpia jOTkhdhy; jhd; jdJ gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;tjhf jiytu; m\;ug; rgjk; nfhz;lhu;. KbNth =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; rpy gpuNjr rigfspy; Njhw;wJ. mjid mLj;J m\;ug; jdJ ehlhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;jhu;.

,t;thwhdnjhU fhyg;gFjpiag; gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L vOe;jNj nfhy;tnjOjy; 90 vDk; ehtyhFk;. ,J njhlu;ghf ,e;E}yhrpupauhd Mu. vk;. nes]hj; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ>

“Nkw;gb xU fhyg;gFjpia K];ypk; vOj;jhsu;fs; mLj;j re;jjjpapdUf;Ff; flj;Jk; tpjkhf mf; nfhLikfisf; ftpij> rpWfij> ehlfk;> ehty; Mfpa GidTfshf ntspg;gLj;jpa tPjk; kpff;FiwT. Nghu;f;fhy ntspaPLfs; tUtjpy; vj;jidNah ,lu;ghLfs; ,Ue;jd. rupahd ntspaPl;Lj; jsk; fpilf;ftpy;iy. ,e;ehty; $l 1990 fhyg;gFjpapy; ‘tsT epiwQ;r epyh’ vDk; jiyggpy; vOjg;gl;Ls;sNghjpYk; mJ ve;j Clfj;jpYk; ntspaplg;gglhky; ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpahfNt ,Ue;jJ. gpd;du; mf;fiug;gw;W vk;. ngsru; vd;gtuhy; elj;jg;gl;L te;j K];ypk; Fuy; gj;jpupifapy; rpy rpy khw;wq;fSld; ‘gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpd; fij’ vd;w ngaupy; njhlu; fijahf ntspte;jJ. NkYk; rpy khw;wq;fSld; 2013,y; jkpo; ehL fhyr;RtL gj;jpupif epWtdj;jpdhy; ‘nfhy;tnjOJjy; 90’ vd;w ngaupy; G+uz ehtyhf ntspaplg;gl;lJ.”[1]

vd;fpwhu;.

 

3.2. cs;slf;fk;

3.2.1. murpay;

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; Ml;rpAk; mjpfhuKk; murpaYk; tuyhw;wpd; njhlf;fj;jpypUe;J Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yNk ngwg;gl;L te;jpUf;fpwJ. tp[aDf;F gpwfhd kd;du;fspd; ,uhr;rpa fhyg; Nghuhl;lq;fs;> mjidj; njhlu;e;J Nghu;j;Jf;fPrupd; Mf;fpukpg;G> mtu;fSld; Nghuhb Ml;rpiag; gpbj;j xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rp> mtu;fis tpul;b gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;j gpupj;jhdpau; vd;W [dehafj;jpw;F Kd;duhd Ml;rp> mjpfhuk;> murpay; vd;gd Nghuhl;lkhfNt mike;jJ. [dehafKk; Rje;jphKk; ngwg;gl;l gpd;duhd ,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpapYk; murpaypYk; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; Fzk; khwhkYk; nfhs;if khwhkYk; tuyhW neLfpYk; mJ njhlu;tjhfNt ,Uf;fpwJ. ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhw;wpy; Ml;rpahsu;fs; jhd; khwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;. Nghuhl;lk; khwtpy;iy Nghuhl;lj;ij jtpu;j;J ,yq;ifapd; murpay; tuyhw;iw ahUk; vOjp tpl KbahJ.

mjd;gb ,yq;if murpay; tuyhw;wpd; 90 fhyg;gFjpia Nehf;Fk;NghJ> ,J ,yq;if kf;fspd; Nghupay; tho;tpy; kpf Jd;gpayhd tuyhwhf ,Ue;jJ. ,yq;if uhZtk; kw;Wk; mjpubg;gil> ,e;jpa mikjpg;gil> tpLjiyg; Gypfs;> jkpo; Njrpa uhZtk;> cjpup ,af;fq;fs;> Cu;fhty; gilfs;> ,dk; njupahj MAjjhupfs;> ghjhs cyff; Nfh\;bfs;> vd;W gw;gy MAj FOf;fs; uzfsg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;bUe;j fhyk;. ,r; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; K];ypk;fis ghJfhf;fTk; mtu;fSf;F Fuy; nfhLf;fTk; vd vOe;j murpay; fl;rpahf K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vOr;rp ngw;W te;jJ. MSk; fl;rpapypUe;j ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; tha; Ngr KbahJ nksdpfshf ,Ue;j epiyapy;> vk;.vr;.vk; m\;ug; mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vDk; murpay; fl;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. njhlu;e;J ,lk;ngw;W te;j ,d Nkhjypdhy; K];ypk;fspd; murpay; vjpu;fhyk; kOq;fbf;fg;f;fg;gl;L tpLk; vd;gij njspthf czu;e;j m\;ug; jkpo; NgRk; kf;fSf;fhf mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf K];ypk;fSf;fhf mtu;fspd; murpay; jdpj;Jtj;ij epiy epWj;Jtjw;fhf =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vd;w ,af;fj;jpid gy Gj;jp[PtpfSld; xd;wpize;J 1981 Mk; Mz;L cUthf;fpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; mtu; K];ypk; kf;fspd; murpay; czu;tpid jl;b vOg;gpdhu;. 1986. 11. 29Mk; jpfjp =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; xU ,af;fkhf cUthf;fg;gl;L> 1988. 2. 11Mk; jpfjp kur;rpd;dj;Jld; Nju;jy; Mizahsuhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l fl;rpahf gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW Muk;gpj;j K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; fl;rpf;F %iy KLf;nfy;yhk; MjuT jpusj; njhlq;fpa fhyk; vdyhk;.

,jd; mbg;gilapy; 1990 Mk; Mz;L Nghu;r;#oYk; mg; Nghu;f;fhyj;Jf;Fs; gpusak; vd ngUf;nfLj;j murpaYk;> fpof;fpyq;ifapd; Ff;fpuhkkhd gs;spKid vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; vt;thwhd jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij gpd;Gykhff; nfhz;L vOjg;gl;lNj ‘nfhy;tnjOJjy; 90’ vDk; ehtyhFk;.

,yf;fpa cyfpDs; vOfpd;w gilg;Gf;fSs; murpay; $Wfis tbtikg;ghf nfhz;L ,aq;Fgit ehty;fs; jhd;. mjpYk; <oj;J #oypid nghWj;jtiu kz; gw;wpa fijfSk; kz; ,oe;j kdpju;fSk; MAjq;fs; gwpj;j milahsq;fSk; Kd;dpiy tfpg;gjid mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. ,J xU fhyj;jpy; mopf;f Kbahj rhj;jpaq;fshf gpu];jhgpf;fg;gLtJ thrpg;gpdJk; vOj;jpdJk; murpayhFk;. kz; gw;wp Ngrg;gLfpd;w #oypy; mq;F epfo;e;jpUf;fpd;w murpaypid kWjypf;f KbahJ. ,yf;fpak; fhyj;jpd; fhl;rpfis gpujpgypf;fpd;w ngUk; gq;fpid nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ vd;gnjy;yhk; mf;fhyj;jpy; epfo;j;jpa murpay; tpisahl;Ljhd; vd;gij Gupe;J nfhs;tJ ,f;fhy ehty;fspd; rPuhd thrpg;ghFk;. ,t;tifapy; kz;NzhL fye;j xU ngUk; fl;rpapdJk; mjNdhL ,ize;J Koq;fpa kf;fspd; czu;TfisAk; kpf EZf;fkhf ‘nfhy;tnjOjy; 90’ vDk; ,e;ehtypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.

mjd;gb> ,e;ehtypy; kf;fs; vOr;rpf; Fuyhf vOe;j ,];yhkpaf; fl;rp> murpay; jiytd;> njhz;ld;> fl;rpg; gpuKfu;fs;> Cu; kf;fs;> vjpu;f;fl;rp> murpaypy; ,lk;ngWk; jpy;YKy;Yfs;> Nju;jy; fhyr;#Lfs; vd murpay; kag;gl;l tplaq;fs;> mf;fhy kf;fspd; tho;tpaypy; gy;NtW jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;jpajhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,tw;iw Nehf;FNthkhapd;>

3.2.1.1. murpay; fl;rp

,e;ehtypd; Muk;gNk xU El;gkhd murpay; thrfj;JlNd Muk;gkhfpd;wJ. ,jid nrhy;Yk; NghNj ,yq;ifapDila K];ypk;fs;> ,jd; murpaiy Gupe;J nfhs;thu;fs;.

“…NghuhspfNs Gwg;gLq;fs;! Xuj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L Xa;ntLf;f Neukpy;iy… Mykukha; ek; r%fk; tho Ntz;Lk;… mij tho;tpf;f Gwg;gLq;fs;…”[2]

,J ep[j;jpNyNa K];ypk; fhq;fpu]pd; xspthrkhf ,Ue;jJ. ,t; thrfj;JlDk; ,];yhkpa kf;fspd; jdpj;Jtj;ij Kjd;ikg;gLj;Jk; fl;rpahd ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd; $l;lj;JlDk; ehty; Muk;gkhfpwJ.

murpaw; fl;rp vDk; NghJ> Xu; ,ize;j murpay; r%fkhf nraw;gLtJk;> Xustpw;F newpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJkhd Xu; mikg;G vd;W Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thwhd xU mikg;ghfNt ,e;ehtypy; ,lk;ngWk; ,];yhkpa fl;rp fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. K];ypk;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; jq;fSf;fhd jdpahd murpay; fl;rpapD}lhf murpaiy Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tijj; jtpu;j;J ngUk;ghz;ik ,dj;jtu;fSld; ,ide;j tifapNyNa fhyq; fhykhf K];ypk;fs; murpaypy; <Lgl;bUe;j NghjpYk; td;Kiwrhu; ,dKuz;ghl;bdJk; cs;ehl;Lg; NghupdJ jhf;fq;fSk; rpq;fs kw;Wk; jkpo; murpay; jiyikj;Jtq;fshy; K];ypk;fs; iftplg;gl;l epiyapy;> K];ypk;fSf;fhd KjyhtJ jdpj;Jtf; fl;rpahf =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ Muk;gpj;J kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; Nju;jy; murpaypy; nry;thf;F nrYj;j njhlq;fpaJld; Njrpa murpaiy jPu;khdpf;Fk; rf;jpahfTk; vOr;rp ngwyhdJ. ,jdhy; murhq;fj;jpd; kPJ ek;gpf;if ,oe;jpUe;j kf;fs; kPz;Lk; murpaiy ek;g Muk;gpj;jdu;.

,];yhkpa fl;rp gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> jpahf epyj;jpy; ,uj;j tpj;J tsu;e;j tpUl;rk; ekJ fl;rp! ,jpy; Rayhg mWtilf;F topapy;iy. tpahghupfSf;F ,jpy; ,lkpy;iy. jufu;fSf;F ,J jskpy;iy. ,J Gjpa Nghuhspfspd; Gfyplk;. MSik kpf;f mLj;j re;jjpapd; miktplk;. nkhj;jkhf ,J K];ypk;fspd; gyk; mirf;f Kbahj gyk;! vd;gjd; %yk; md;iwa ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd; epiy Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.   

,f; fl;rpapd; %yk; jkJ jdpj;Jtk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; rpwe;j Ml;rp khw;wk; ,lk;ngWk; vd mf;fhy kf;fs; Mzpj;jukhf ek;gpdu;. jkJ KO MjuitAk; toq;fp mf;fl;rpapd; ntw;wpf;F gf;fgykha; epd;wdu;. md;iwa fhyj;jpy; murpay; fl;rpf;$l;lq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; #oy; moFw ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;LJld; mk;kf;fspd; kdepiyAk; mjD}Nl ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ>

“G+kur; re;ijapd; njhlf;fj;jpNyNa vq;F ghu;j;jhYk; ‘,yq;if ,];yhkpaf; fl;rp vOr;rpg; ngUtpoh 1. 2. 1990’ vd;W khngupa Njhuzk; jd; cWjpahd Mjuit njuptpj;jhbaJ… vq;Fk; gugug;G G+rpapUe;jJ. Kr;rf;fu tz;b %d;wpYk; re;jpapypUe;J Bf;fil nea;ehupd; ‘rjhk; N`hl;l’ypYk; Rtu;fspYk; G+kuj;jpYk; ,];yhkpa fl;rp jiytu; xl;lg;gl;Lk; trPfukhf Gd;KWtYld; kf;fisg; ghu;j;J nfhz;bUe;jhu;.

‘xNu mikg;gpd; fPo; xd;WgLNthk;’

‘Xu; mzp jpus;Nthk;! Nguzp MNthk;’

G+khj;jpd; ghupa fpisfspy;> ‘Njrpa jiytNu tUf!’ vd;W jq;f epw gjhiffs; kpDkpDj;jJ. gs;spKidf;F EioAk; ghij Kfg;gpy; gpuk;khz;l gs;spthapy; cg Njhuzk;> kpdhuh tbtpy; caNu Ftpe;jpUe;jJ. cr;rpapy; jiytu; gj;jb cauj;jpy; iffhl;bdhu;. fPNo ‘xNu kjk;! xNu fl;rp!! xNu jiyik!!’ mLj;j tupapy; ‘jdpj;Jt jiytNu tUf!’.”[3]

%d;W ,Oitg; ngl;bfs; epWj;jg;gl;L myq;fhu Nkil> NkNy kQ;rs;> gr;ir tu;zf;$iu> cs;Ns [fpdh gsgsg;Gfs;> Nrhlidfs;… kpd;tpsf;Ffs;> jiytupd; ngupa glk;> ‘mQ;rpAk; thNohk; nfQ;rpAk; thNohk;’> ‘Njrpa jiytNu tUf! gh. Neh. $ rq;fk; gs;spKid…’ Nkilapy; gy ehw;fhypfs; jiytUf;F kl;Lk; gs;spj; jiytu; nra;yhd; `h[pahu; tPl;L Nrhgh… xypngUf;fpfs; njd;id kuq;fspy; ,Ue;J fl;rp fPjk; (Mapuk; Mapuk; iffs; Nfhu;g;Nghk;… mfpyj;ij mjdhy; nty;Nthk;… my;yh`{ mf;gu;…!)”[4]

vd mf;fhy murpay; fl;rp $l;lq;fs; eilngWk; tpjk; mt;thNw rpj;jupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd; thrfk; xt;nthd;Wk;> fpof;fpNy ikakpl;L> Kfhkpl;L> thf;Fg; ngw;W> muirNa jPu;khdpf;Fk; msT jfik ngw;w ,];yhkp fl;rp gw;wpa Gupjiy Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.

3.2.1.2. njhz;ld;

,t;thW murpaypd; mbg;gilapy; Muk;gpf;fpd;w ,e;ehtyhdJ> xU rhjhuzkhd njhz;ld;> md;W epytpa murpay; #o;epiyahy; mrhjhuzkhd xUtdhFk; gbepiyfis Fwpg;gpLtjhf mike;Js;sJ. mjhtJ> md;W K];ypk;fspd; Fuyhf> ‘,];yhkpa fl;rp’ vd;w ehkj;Jld; fskpwq;fpa fl;rpapd; ghy; <u;f;fg;gl;l> Mapuk; Mapuk; ,isQu;fSs; ‘Kj;JK`k;kJ’ vd;w fpuhkj;J ,isQDk; xUtd;. mtidr;  Rl;bNa ,f;fij efUfpwJ. mjpfk; fy;tp mwpNth> trjpNah mw;W> Cupy; kw;wtu;fshy; Vsdg;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjhuzkhd fpof;F khfhzj;jpy; cs;s gs;sp Kidthrp> murpaypy; <Lgl;L ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtdhfpd;whd;. ,tidg; gw;wp ,e;ehtypy; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ>

“Nkilapy; xNu xU Mshf Kj;JK`k;kJ epd;W nfhz;bUe;jhd;. jiyapy; fl;rpj; njhg;gp…> kQ;rs; gr;ir Nrl;Lld; fl;rpr;rhud;> ifapy; Gjpjhf fbfhuk;… khu;gpy; jiytupd; rpwpa glk;…

Kj;J K`k;kJ gj;jhk; tFg;G tiu gbj;jpUf;fpwhd;… xU Nju;e;j ghlfDf;Fupa fk;gPukhd Fuy; tsk; mtDf;F ,aw;ifahfNt ,Ue;jJ… murpay; NkilfspYk; itgtq;fspYk; kNyrpah thRNjtdpd; Fuy; ,irapy; ghLtJk; mwptpg;gJk; mtdJ rpwg;gk;rk;… nghOJNghf;F… njhopy; vy;yhNk…”[5]

,t;thW rhjhuz xU mbkl;l njhz;ldhf mwpKfkhFk; Kj;JK`k;kJ gw;wp NkYk; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ>

“Nkilapy; Vwpa jiytu;> Kj;J K`k;kij $u;ikahf ghu;j;jhu;. mtdJ czu;itAk; mtdJ khu;gpy; ,Ue;j jd;idAk; ghu;j;J Gd;difj;jhu;. mtdJ Njhspy; jl;b ‘qh… jk;gp! vg;gb?’ vd;whu;. Kj;J Kfk;kJFs; Mapuk; kpd;dy;fs; ntbf;f> Mde;j gutrkhfp cld; jiytupd; iffisg; gpbj;J nfhQ;rp Kj;jkpl;lhd;. NkYk; khu;Gwj; jOTtjw;fpilapy; xU mjpubg;gil tPud; ,ilapy; GFe;J Kj;JK`k;kJit gpupj;J js;sptpl;lhd;. Kj;JK`k;kJ Nkilapy; ,Ue;J ky;yhf;f fPNo tpOe;jhd;. Nkilapy; epiwe;j Cu; gpuKfu;fs; kj;jpapy;> Kj;JKfk;kJ nry;yhf;fhrhfp Nkilapy; ,Ue;J js;sp tplg;gl;lhYk; rl;nld vOe;J Nkilia xl;bagbNa epd;Wnfhz;L jiytiuNa fz; nfhl;lhky; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;.”[6]

,jd; %yk; md;iwa fhyg;gFjpapy; rhjhuz kf;fs; kj;jpapy; murpay; gw;wpa vz;zKk; mtu;fsJ kdepiyAk; czu;Tk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLtJld; fl;rp> fl;rpj; jiytd; Nghd;wtw;wpdjhd <u;g;Gk; kjpg;Gk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fijapd; ehafdhd cyfk; mwpahj Kj;JK`k;kJ> ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpapd; cz;ikahd njhz;ldhfTk; NghuhspahfTk; nraw;gl;L tUfpd;whd;. ,tdJ cz;ikahd nraw;ghl;bdhy; <u;f;fg;gl;l jiyikj;Jtk; ,tid ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpapd; ,isQu; mzpj;jiytuhf epakpf;fpwJ. ,jw;fpilapy; Kj;JK`k;kJ jdJ khkpapd; kfshd ikKdh kPJ jPuhj fhjy; nfhz;ltdhf fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. mts; njhopy; epkpj;j ntspehL nry;yNt> gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpd; gf;fk; NghfNt gpbf;fhky; nfhOk;gpy; cs;s jiytu; vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf;fpd; ,y;yj;jpy; jQ;rkilfpd;whd;. jiytNu fjp vd;W jd;id jiytUf;fhfNt mu;g;gzpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;whd;. ,jdhy; gs;spKidapd; fpzw;W jtisahf ,Ue;j Kj;JK`k;kJ efukag;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whd;. ,jid ehtypy; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJk;>

“,g;Nghnjy;yhk; rpq;fsk; ,ay;ghfNt tpsq;fpaJ. Mq;fpyk; $l nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkha; NgrTk; Kbe;jJ. jiyefupd; tPjpfSk; re;J nghe;JfSk; $l guPl;rakhfpd. fl;rp mYtyfk;> ghuhSkd;wk;> tq;fp> NghyP]; epiyak;> njhiyNgrp> njhiy kly;> muR mjpfhupfs;> &gth`pdp> Cdf;iffshy; g[Nuh thfdk; Xl;l vy;yhk; gof;fkhfpd.  Kj;JK`k;kjpd; gs;spKid fpuhkj;jdk; G+uzkhf njhiye;J tpl;bUe;jJ. mtDf;Fs; xU efu ,isQd; cUthfpapUe;jhd;.”[7]

,t;thW efu ,isQdhd Kj;JK`k;kJ jiytuplk; ,Ue;J vj;jidNah tplaq;fis mtjhdpj;J> fpufpj;Jf; nfhz;L xU ek;gpf;ifAk; tpRthrKk; nfhz;ltdhfNt khwpdhd;. jiytUld; nry;Yk;NghJ> mtiuf; nfhy;y te;j Kaw;rpapy; jd; capiuj; Jr;rnkd kjpj;J jiytiu fhg;ghw;Wfpd;whd;. ,jdhy; jdJ %d;W tpuy;fisAk; ,of;fpd;whd;. jiytUf;F capiuf; nfhLf;f Kad;w mtid> gyUk; ghuhl;Lfpd;wdu;. ,jd; fhuzkhff; nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf mtd; gpugykhfpf; nfhz;bUe;jhd;. gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpy; ,isQu;fs; kj;jpapy; Mju;r fjhehafdhfNt Mfptpl;lhd;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rk;gtj;jpd; %yk; md;iwa njhz;lu;fspd; epiy mg;gl;lkhf ntspfhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjhtJ ,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;j te;j ,e;jpag;gil NkYk; gy ,af;fq;fs; midj;JNk K];ypk;fis iftpl;l epiyapy; vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf; vDk; jdp kdpj MSik> K];ypk;fspd; eydpy; jPtpu mf;fiw nfhz;L nraw;gl;lhu;. ,jdhy; mk;kf;fs; mtiu jq;fis fhf;f te;j fhtydhfNt fUjpdu;. jkJ capiu tplTk; Nkyhf kjpj;jdu;. ,jid Kj;JK`k;kj;: ‘jiytUf;fhf capiuAk; nfhLg;Ngd;’ vd $WtJk; NkYk; jiytupd; fl;lisf;F vt;tpj kWg;Gk; ,d;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;tJk;> mt;thNw mf;fhy ngz;fs; jiytiug; ghu;j;J> ‘eP vd;l Gs;s ,Uf;Fk; kl;Lk; vq;fSf;F xU FiwAk; ntuh…’ vd;gjd; %yk; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf cs;sJ.

,e;j epiyapy; gpuNjr rigj;Nju;jypy; taw;Nrid gpuNjr jtprhsuhf jiyikj;Jtj;jhy; Kj;JKfk;kJ epakpf;fg;gl;lhd;. jtprhsuhf ,Ue;J gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpd; murpay; eltbf;iffspy; jpwk;gl nray;gl;ljhy;> mjpy; jpUg;jp fz;l jiyikj;Jtk;> ntw;wplkhf ,Ue;j ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu; gjtpf;Fk; mtid epakpj;jJ. ,t;thW mbkl;l njhz;ldhf ,Ue;J> ,isQu; mzpj; jiytdhf gupzkpj;J> gpd;du; gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpd; jtprhsuhf epakdkhfp> mjpypUe;J Kd;Ndwp> jpfhkLy;y khtl;lj;jpd; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhf gjtp cau;fpwhd;. ,jid ,Wjp mj;jpahaj;jpy;>

“thfdj;jpd; fjTfis xU nghyp];fhud; gt;tpakhf jpwe;J tpl> neUf;fpabj;j rdq;fis mjpubg;gil tPuu;fs; js;sp toprikf;f… thfdj;jpypUe;J jdJ ,sk; kidtp ikKdh rhfpjkhf ,wq;fp te;J nfhz;bUe;jhu;… ,yq;if gs;spKid fl;rpapd; gpujpj; Njrpa mikg;ghsUk; gs;sp Kid ,isQu; mzp jiytUk; Kd;dhs; taw;Nrid gpuNjr rig jtprhsUk; jw;Nghija jpfhkLy;y khtl;l ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUkhd nfsut> [dhg; vk;. Kj;JK`k;kJ mtu;fs;. ‘ehNu jf;gPu;…!’.

‘my;yh`{ mf;gu;......!!’.”[8]

,jd; %yk; xU cz;ikahdJk; Neu;ikahdJkhd tpRthrKk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; kPjhd fhjYk; xU Nghuhspia nfhz;L nry;fpd;w J}uj;ij mstpl Kbfpd;wJ. mJkl;Lkd;wp> K];ypk; murpaypd; ,aYik ghkuj;jpd; my;yJ gbg;gwpahj kf;fspd; iffspy; njhz;Z}Wfspy; ,Ue;Js;sJ vd;gijAk; ntspr;rk; Nghl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,jid NkYk; fl;bak; $Wtjhf> md;W ele;j gpuNjr rigj; Nju;jypy; khtl;lj;jpd; MW gpuNjr rigfspy; Ie;J gpuNjr rigfis ,];yhkpa fl;rp ifg;gw;wpaikAk; xNu xU rig 73 thf;F tpj;jpahrj;jpy; ,oe;jijAk; mjpy; Kj;J K`k;kJ Rkhu; gjpNdhuhapuj;Jf;F Nkw;gl;l thf;Ffis ngw;W ntw;wp ngw;wikAk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;ntw;wpf;F gs;sp Kidthrpfspd; KO MjuNt fhuzkhFk;.

3.2.1.3. fl;rpj; jiytu;

mLj;J> xU ehl;bd; murpay; vDk; NghJ mq;F murpay; fl;rp> fl;rpj; jiytu; vd;gtw;iw jtpu;j;J Nehf;f KbahJ. murpay; gpd;dzpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;ehtypy;> murpay; fl;rpahf ,];yhkpa fl;rpAk; mjd; jiytuhf vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf;Fk; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.

xU murpaw; fl;rpapd; ntw;wpf;F gy fhuzpfs; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpdhYk;> mf;fl;rpapd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpNyNa mtw;iw xOq;FgLj;jp nraw;gLj;jf; $ba gyk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MfNt fl;rpahdJ epiyj;J> Ml;rpg;gPlj;ij ifg;gw;WtJk; mjd; ntw;wp Njhy;tp vd;gd jiyikj;Jtj;jpdhNyNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ve;jnthU fl;rpahdhYk; xU jiyikgPlj;ijf; nfhz;Nl fhzg;gLk;. mjpy; xU jiytu; fhzg;glNt nra;fpd;whu;. ,jd;gb> xU rpwe;j jiyikahfNt vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf; mtu;fs; ,e;ehtypy; kpopu;fpwhu;.

ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpfspy; K];ypk; jiyikfs; mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Ue;j NghjpYk; K];ypk;fs; murpay; mdhijahfg;gl;L mtu;fsJ gpur;rpidfis vtUNk Ngrhj #oypy; =yq;fh K];ypk; fhq;fpu]; vDk; khngUk; ,af;fj;jpid Muk;gpj;J mf;Fiwia ePf;fp itj;jhu;. ,e;ehtypd;> Kjy; mj;jpahak; Nju;jy; gpur;rhhf; $l;lj;NjhL Muk;gpg;gNjhL mjpy; vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf;fpd; tUif Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. mf;$l;lj;jpy; ,tu; ciu epfo;j;Jk; NghJ>

“…Ntff; fhw;wpd; jpirapy; mirfpd;w ntz;Kfpy; $l;lq;fNs… cauj;jpy; cyTtjhy; ePq;fs; cau;e;J tpLtjpy;iy… ehq;fNsh kuq;fs;… kz;zpd; Rthr Ntu;fs;… Nga;f;fhw;W tPRk; NtisapYk; Gay; ,iufpd;w NghjpYk; kpd;dy; ,b Kof;fk; mr;RWj;Jk; rkaq;fspYk; Nghuhb kbtjw;Fk; mg;Gdpj ghijapNy Gd;KWty; G+j;j Kfj;NjhL rpe;Jk; rptg;G ,uj;jj;jpy; Njha;e;J tPo;tjw;Fk;… vOtjw;Fk; Mapuk; Mapuk; Nghuhspfis je;j gs;spKidj; jhafj;jpd; NghuhspfNs… Gwg;gLq;fs;… ek; fl;rpiaf; fhg;ghw;w… ,J ekJ cupik… ,J ekJ flik… ,J ekJ xw;Wik… xd;iw kl;Lk; cWjpahfj; njupe;J nfhs;Sq;fs; rpq;fs fl;rpfspd; fhy; J}rpahf xl;bf; fplf;Fk; KJnfYk;gw;w Kf;fpa Njrpa fl;rp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fNs… ,e;jg; gs;spKidf; fhu;gyh fsj;jpypUe;J cq;fSf;F ,e;j ,];yhkpaf; fl;rp jiyikj;Jtk; gfpuq;f rthy; tpLf;fpwJ. mLj;j khjk; eilngwTs;s gpuNjr rig Nju;jypy; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; MSk; I. vd;. gp fl;rpahy; xU rigia $l nty;y KbahJ.”[9]

,jd; %yk; K];ypk; r%fk; murpaypy; tpopj;njo Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhfTk; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; vOr;rpf;fhfTk; ,uT gfy; ghuhJ gy;NtW mu;g;gzpg;GfSld; murpay; fsj;jpy; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; cupikfis ngwf; Fuy; nfhLg;gjidAk; fhzKbfpd;wJ.

rpwe;j murpay; jiyikahd ,tu; K];ypk;fspd; murpay; cupik njhlu;gpYk; mtw;iw vt;thW ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpYNk ftdk; nrYj;jpatuhf fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. ,jw;fhf je;jpNuhghakhd KbTfisAk; vLf;fpwhu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

Kj;JK`k;kJ vd;Dk; mbkl;l Nghuhspia gpuNjr rigj; Nju;jYf;fhd jtprhsuhf epWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,J gw;wp mtu; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ>

“grwpr;Nridapd; I. vd;. gp jiyik Ntl;ghsUk; ngUk; gzgyk;> Ngupdg; gilgyk;> mur Nky;kl;l murpaw;gyk; kpf;ftUkhd ngupa kdpjuhd vk;. vy;. vr; Njhw;fbf;f gs;spKidapd; xU rhjhuz Vio tptrhapahd ,isQd; xUtid ekJ fl;rp rhu;ghf epWj;jp me;j ntw;wpia xU rupj;jphkhf nra;a ek;khy; Kbahjh…? nrhy;Yq;fs;!” vd Fwpg;gpl;L> ekJ ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd; jiyik Ntl;ghsuhf ,Njh epw;fpd;w Kj;JK`k;kJ epWj;Jtjw;Fk; mtiu ntw;wp ngwr; nra;tjw;Fk; Vd; KbahJ?”[10] 

vdg; gs;spKid kf;fis Nehf;fp Nfl;L Kj;JK`k;kJit jtprhsuhf epWj;Jfpwhu;.

xU K];ypk; fl;rpapd; jiytuhf> mikr;ruhf ,Ue;J gy;NtW gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;l mtu; gpuNjr thj> ,dthj jpiufis fle;J ehl;Lf;F Nrit nra;j rpwe;j mhrpay;thjpahf fhzg;gLfpwhu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpd; gs;spj; jiytUk; nry;thf;F ngw;wtUkhd nra;yhd;   `h[pahu; jhNd gpuNjr rig jtprhsuhf epakpf;fg;gLNtd; vd epidj;J tUk; NghJ>  mbkl;l njhz;ldhd Kj;JK`k;kJ epakpf;fg;gLfpd;whd;. ,jw;F jiytu; fhuzk; $Wk;NghJ>

“,jw;F gpujhdkhf %d;W fhuzq;fs; cs;sd. Kjw;fhuzk; gs;spKid gs;sp jiytUk; grwpr;Nrid gs;sp jiytUkhf> ,U gs;sp jiytu;fs; gjtpf;fhf Cu; gpupe;J Kl;b Nkhjpf;nfhs;tij ,];yhkpa fl;rp jiyikj;Jtk; mDkjpf;fhJ. …gpuNjr uPjpahd JNtr gpuptpidia Cl;b ek;ik gpupf;f vj;jdpf;Fk; ngUk;ghd;ik ,d rf;jpf;F vd; mUik gs;sp kf;fs; cld;gLthu;fsh…”[11] vd;gjd; %yk; gphNjr uPjpahd gpuptpidia vjpu;j;J xw;Wikia epiyehl;l nraw;gl;ltuhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.

NkYk; K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; gpur;rpidfs; tUk;NghJ $l mjid yhtfkhff; ifahz;l xUtuhfTk; jiytu; ,];`hf; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. mjhtJ gpuNjr Nju;jypy; gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpd; jtprhsuhf epakpf;fg;gLtjw;F nra;yhd; `h[pahu; Kd;dpw;Fk; Ntisapy; Kj;JK`k;kJ epakpf;fg;gLtjdhy; ,tu;fSf;fpilNa gpzf;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. mjid rpwe;j Kiwapy; jPu;j;J itj;j xUtuhf fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.

“…k;khl CL! vdf;fp nrhe;j kr;rhd; ePq;f…ek;kl FLk;gj;Jf;f Cl;l Ntythl nrQ;rp ef;Fj; jpz;ltd; mtd;l thg;gh! mtNd nfhWf;fhf;F nghwe;j xU mwhkp! mQ;rp rjj;Jf;Fk; tf;fpy;yhj ‘vf;flhT];’i] ePq;f Nrkdhf;fpw…? ehd; xq;Fl khkl kfd; kr;rhd; mtDf;F fPo ,Uf;fpw…?

‘…\l;…Mg;! uh];fy;! jpBnud fjpiuia js;sptpl;L vOe;j jiytu; rw;Wk; vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf nra;yhd; `h[pahiu gshnud miwe;jhu;. \l; mg; Atu; Nlb kTj;!’

kp];lu; nra;Dy; Mg;jpd; eP vdf;F nrhe;j khkpapd; kfd;jhd; Mdh mjw;fhf eP mij gpioahf cgNahfpf;f KbahJ. ntspapy eP mtd; Kj;JK`k;kij mwQ;rj ehd; fz;Nld;. cdf;Fj; njupahJ. mtd; vd;Dila capu;f;ftrk;! mtd; xU mdhij ,y;iy mijf; Nfl;fTk; ghu;f;fTk; Ms; cz;L.

‘jtpu ePq;f taw;Nrid khtl;l M];gj;jpup tp];jupg;G vd;W 37 Vf;fu; Ntg;gku Njhg;ig tpOq;fpa tp\aKk; gs;spthry; Gduikg;G vd;W 30 yl;rk; KOq;fpaJk; tof;F te;jpUf;F’ ,e;jg; ghU nra;Dy;yhg;jpd; ,dp cdf;F fl;rpapy kl;Lky;y vd; tPl;bYk; ,lk; ,y;iy Ngh ntspNa!”[12]

,jd; %yk; jiytu; ,];`hf; ePjp> epahak;> jiyikf;F Kjyplk; vd J}a murpay; nra;tjid fhz Kbfpd;wJ. NkYk;> jd;Dila mikr;Rg; gjtpia tpl mjpfkhf Nahrpj;j mtu; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F rthy; tpLj;J> K];ypk; r%fj;jpw;F tpLjiy ngw;Wf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpNyNa fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf ,Ue;jhu;.

“…xd;iw kl;Lk; cWjpahf $w Ntz;Lk;… ,e;j MW gpuNjr rigapYk; ekJ fl;rp xd;wpyhtJ Njhw;why; fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtk; jdJ vk;. gp gjtpia uh[pdhkh nra;J J}f;fp vwpe;Jtpl;L> kf;fNshL kf;fshf fsj;jpy; epd;W ,];yhkpa topapy; Nghuhlj; jahuhf ,Uf;fpwJ.”[13]

,t;thW rpwe;j xU murpay; jiytuhf tpsq;Fk; kf;fs; gpujpepjpahd vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf; mtu;fis gs;spKid kf;fs; xU Mju;r GU\dhfTk; xU fjhehafdhfTk; jq;fs; tPl;Lg; gps;isahfTNk fUjpdu;. mtu; kPJ rpwe;j kjpg;Gk; kupahijAk; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,jid ehtypy;> mtu; gpur;rhu $l;lj;jpw;F tUk; Nghnjy;yhk; kf;fs; mtiu nfhz;lhLtJk; mtiu fhz;gjw;fhfNt gy kzp Neuk; fhj;jpUg;gJk; mJkl;Lkd;wp cJkhd; vd;gtupd; kidtp nksj;jpw;F mtu; tUk;NghJ> ikaj;J tPL vd;gij jhz;b mtu;fs; Fuy; vOg;GtJk; KlcJkhd; mtuJ kidtp nksj;ij kwe;J jiytupd; juprdj;jhy; kfpo;r;rpAWtJk; NkYk;> mtUf;F jhf;Fjy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ vd njupe;J mk;kf;fs; Cz; cwf;fk; ,d;wp  ,Ug;gJk; ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;LfshFk;. ,jd; %yk; md;iwa 90 fhyg;gFjpfspy; xU mhrpay; jiyikj;Jtk; kf;fs; kdjpy; vt;thW Fb nfhz;bUe;jJ vd;gij njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhfTs;sJ.

mLj;J> murpaypd; Kf;fpa mk;rkhf Nju;jy;> Nju;jy; gpur;rhuk;> Nju;jy; gpur;rpidfs;> Nju;jy; fsk; vd;gd kpf Kf;fpakhdjhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

3.2.1.4. Nju;jy;

Nju;jy; vDk; NghJ> [dehaf Kiwapy; gpujpepjpfis Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd xU Kiwahf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ xU ehl;bidg; nghWj;jtiuapy;> gy;NtW tifahd Nju;jy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wd. ,q;F> njhz;Z}whk; Mz;Lfspy; ,lk;ngw;w> gpuNjr rig Nju;jYk; mjNdhL njhlu;ghd tplaq;fSk; gs;spKidf;fpuhkj;jpy; vt;thW mike;jpUe;jd vd;gij ,f; nfhy;tnjOjy; 90 vDk; ehty; moFw ntspf;fhl;b cs;sJ. mtw;iw Nehf;FNthkhapd;>

3.2.1.4.1. Nju;jy; fsk;

gpuNjr rig Nju;jYf;fhf ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd; jiyikg; nghWg;ghsuhf Kj;J K`k;kij jiyikj;Jtk; njupT nra;jJ. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J Nju;jYf;fhd Maj;jq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. ,jid ehtypy;>

“gs;spKid vq;Fk; fl;rp Nghuhspfshy; xl;lg;gl;l ,];yhkpaf; fl;rp tu;zr; Rtnuhl;bfs; epiwe;jd. jiytupd; mofpa ngupa glk; mtuJ ,jaj;jpy; Kj;J K`k;kjpd; Kfk;. ,UtiuAk; Rw;wp ngupa gpiw tbtk; fPNo –

topfhl;Lk; jiytupd; topapy;

xspgha;r;Rk; ,sk;gpiw Kj;JK`k;kJ

mtu;fis

taw;r;Nrid jtprhsu; Mf;FNthk;!

vd #Oiuj;jd.”[14] vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3.2.1.4.2. Nju;jy; gpur;rhuk;

,jidj; njhlu;e;J fl;rpg; gpur;rhuq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. gpur;rhuk; vDk; NghJ Nju;jy;fis mwptpf;ifapy;> murpay;thjpfSk; mtuJ Mjuthsu;fSk; xUtUf;nfhUtuhd Nghl;bapy; thf;fhsuplk; Nehbahfr; nrd;W mtu;fsJ thf;Ffis NfhUjyhFk;. ,jd;gb gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpd; murpay; gpur;rhu eltbf;iffis Nehf;FNthkhapd;> jiytu; vk;. v];. vk;. ,];`hf; gpur;rhuj;jpw;fhf gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpw;F tUif jUfpwhu;. mjid njhlu;e;J>

“Kjypy; Kr;rf;fu tz;b xypngUf;fp nfhz;il fl;b> jiytu; Gfo;ghbr; nrd;wJ. njhlu;e;J 50 Jtpr;rf;fu tz;bfs; kQ;rl;gr;ir nfhbfSlDk; jiytu; kw;Wk; Kj;J KfkJ MfpNahupd; glq;fSlDk; ,isQu;fSlDk; kzp xypj;Jr; nrd;wJ. ‘…>Njh cq;fs; kj;jpapy; gpuNjr rig Nju;jy; fsk; Fjpj;jpUf;Fk; fl;rpapd; ,sk;gpiwAk; ,isQu; mzp jiytUkhfpa Kj;J Kfk;kJ kw;Wk; Vida Ntl;ghsu;fSk; cq;fs; kj;jpapy; ,g;NghJ Cu;tykhf te;J nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;. jiytupd; ,d;Dapiuf; fhj;j Nghuhsp… ek;kpisQu;fspd; ehisa ek;gpf;if el;rj;jpuk;… Kj;JKfk;kJ…’ mjd; gpd;du; 32 ,ul;il khl;L tz;bfspy; nghy;yb ky;yu;fs; rPuhd mbfSld; nrd;wdu;. mijj;njhlu;e;J thliff;F mku;j;jg;gl;l 10 Kr;rf;fuq;fs; nu[pNghk; gpiwtbtq;fis Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ‘gpiw#lb’r; nrd;wd. 14 ,isQu;fs; njhg;gp mzpe;J nfhz;L Mil KOf;F kQ;rs; gr;ir tu;zk; Fspj;J G+rpf;nfhz;L rPdg; ghtidapy; ‘jg;G… lg;G… rg;gf;…’ vd;W fw;gid vjpupAld; Nghupl;L nrd;wdu;.

mjd; gpd;du; NghyP]; thfdk; Cu;e;jJ. mjid njhlu;e;J thfdj;jpy; vOe;J epd;W ifahirj;jgb jiytu;! gf;fj;jpy; jiyik Ntl;ghsu; Kj;JKfk;kJ....!! gf;fj;jpy; Vohk; ,yf;f Ntl;ghsu; [hgpu; 12Mk; Ntl;ghsu; MRftp md;GBd; gpd;dhy; NkYk; xd;gJ Ntl;ghsu;fs; mjd; gpd;dhy; mjpubg;gilapdu; mjd; gpd;du; eilgtdpapy;> fl;rp cau;gPlq;fs;> gpuKfu;fs;> nghJkf;fs;… nghJkf;fs;> nghJkf;fs;.”[15]

,jidj; njhlu;e;J gpur;rhug; nghJf;$l;lk; fpuhj; Xjp Muk;gkhdJ. mjd;gpd; tuNtw;GiuAk; mLj;J> fl;rp fPjKk; ,irf;fg;gl;lJ. mjid njhlu;e;J> Kjd;ik  Ntl;ghsu; Kj;JK`k;kJ jdJ gpur;rhhj;ij Muk;gpj;jhu;. ,Wjpahf> jiytu; mtuJ  gpur;rhuj;jpid Muk;gpj;jhu;. mthJ ciuapy;>

“…Ntff; fhw;wpd; tpirapy; mirfpd;w ntz;Kfpy; $l;lq;fNs… cauj;jpy; cyTtjhy; ePq;fs; cau;e;J tpLtjpy;iy… ehq;fNsh kuq;fs;… kz;zpd; Rthr Ntu;fs;… vq;fspd; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; xt;nthU capuhf cjpu;e;jhYk; xU E}WGjpa kuq;fs; Xq;fpAau;e;J xUikAld; tsu;tij cq;fshy; xUNghJk; xJf;fpl KbahJ. ,e;j kz;Zk; ,jd; kzKk; vq;fs; gwpf;f Kbahj ghuk;gupak;… ,jDs;spUe;J ntsptUk; vkJ Ntu;fis ntl;btpl ahuhy; KbAk;…? ehNkh jiy epkpu;e;J epd;wtu;fs;… J}Rf;fhw;iw Rthrpf;fr; nra;Ak; jufu;fis jtpLnghbahf;fp… mjpypUe;J Mf;fk; ngWgtu;fs; ehq;fs;. Nftyk; ,e;j rpy;yiw Nkfq;fSf;fh mQ;rp mb gzpNthk;…?

rjpfis rj;jpa Nrhjidfshy; re;jpj;j re;jjpfs; ehq;fs;… vq;fis Mf;fpukpj;J Ms epidj;jhy;… mjdhy; cq;fs; %f;fWe;J Ks;sk;jz;Lile;J NghtPu;fs;… vq;fspd; ,e;j Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Mapuk; ,og;Gf;fs; te;jhYk; xt;nthU capuhf ,oe;jhYk; xUE}W Gjpa kuq;fs; xu;ikAld; Xq;fp vOtij xUtuhYk; jLf;f KbahJ…”[16]

vd rpq;fs Ngupdthjj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,d xJf;fy;fs;> tpLjiyg; Gypfshy; Gupag;gLk; ,dg;gLnfhiy> ,e;jpah mikjpg;gil ml;lfhrk;> ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;G> rpWghd;ikapdu; kPjhd mlf;FKiw> Nju;jy; tpsf;fq;fs; ,g;gb tupirahf md;iwa njhz;Z}Wfspd; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g mtuJ ciu mike;jpUe;jid mtjhdpf;f KbfpwJ. kW gf;fkhf Vida fl;rpfspd; gpr;rhuq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd.

3.2.1.4.3. Nju;jy; gpur;rpidfs;

Nju;jypy; gpzf;Ffs;> fl;rpfSf;fpilapyhd gpzf;Ffs;> fl;rp gpuKfu;fSf;fpilapyhd gpzf;Ffs;> fl;rp Mjuthsu;fSf;fpilapyhd gpzf;Ffs;> #o;r;rpfs;> fl;rpj;jhty; vd;gd murpaypy; jtpu;f;f Kbahj xd;whf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Nghu;Kfk; #o;e;j mf;fhy gFjpapy; ,g;gpzf;Ffs; kpf mjpfsthfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. md;iwa fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpahtpd; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf khfhz rigfis jhgpj;J khfhz rigfSf;fhd Nju;jy;fis elj;j Vw;ghL nra;ag;gl;l NghJ> tpLjiyg; Gypfs; jtpu;e;j Vida rfy ,af;fq;fSk; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtjw;fhd Vw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;ld. K];ypk;fs; ,e;jj; Nju;jypy; <Lgl Maj;jq;fis Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ> MAjk; jupj;j jkpo; FOf;fs; mtu;fis Nju;jypy; Nghl;baplhky; nra;tjw;fhf fhilj;jdq;fis mtpo;j;Jtpl;L gaKWj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Nju;jy; fhyj;jpd; NghJ K];ypk; Ntl;ghsu;fs; flj;jg;gl;L jhf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,J gw;wp ,e;ehtypy; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ> ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd; cWg;gpdu; rk;khe;Jiwf; fpisj; jiytUkhd> khfhz rig cWg;gpdUk; ,isa NghuhspAkhd gufj;Jy;yh`; vd;gtu; ,dk; njupahj egu;fshy; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;w rk;gtKk; ‘,e;Neuk; vq;flh nfle;J thuha;? nfhWf;fhg;Gspah.....! vnyf;rd; ilk;y uhtapy ntspa jpupahjlh nfhsg;gk;> ,];yhk; fl;rpf;fhuDfs Gyp Ru;uhdhk;… Nla; ePAk; ,rpyhq; fl;rpalh… nry;yz;lh!’[17] vd;gJk;

‘Nju;jYf;F ,d;Dk; ,uz;L thuq;fs; ,Ue;jd. jpfhkLy;y khtl;lk; vq;Fk; Ntl;ghsu;fis vy;yhk; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; Njbj;Njb Rl;Lf; nfhy;tjhf fijfs; te;jd. Nju;jiy Fog;g ngUk; jpl;lq;fs; ,Ug;gjhfTk; thf;fspf;fr; nry;Yk; kf;fSf;F Mgj;J fhj;jpUg;gjhfTk; Nju;jy; flikfspy; <LgLk; mjpfhupfSf;F kpul;ly; fbjq;fs; mDg;gg;gLtjhfTk; rha;e;jkUjpy; Ntl;ghsu; xUtiuf; flj;jpr; nrd;Wtpl;ljhfTk; jpdrup gaq;fur; nra;jpfs; te;Jnfhz;bUe;jd…’[18] vd;gjd; %yKk; md;iwa gaq;futhjj; jd;ik vLj;Jf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ.

,t;thW Gypg;gil xU gf;fk; K];ypk;fisj; Nju;jypy; <Lglf;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhf rjpfisr; nra;J nfhz;bUf;f> kWgf;fk; K];ypk;fSf;fpilNa gjtp ntwpahy; gpzf;Ffs; Vw;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. ,J gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpd; Nju;jiy ikakhff; nfhz;L ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

gpuNjr rigj;Nju;jypy; Kj;JKfk;kJ jiyik Ntl;ghsuhf epWj;jg;gLk; NghJ gs;sp Kidapd; gs;sp jiytu; nra;yhd; `h[pahu; mjid kWj;J Kuz;gLfpwhu;. ,jid>

“…`p…q;f;…f.f.f.futiyap…futyapy kPd; nghwf;fpd nfhWf;fhg;Gspaz;l  ef;F jpd;dp vyf;rd; Nfl;fpiwahk;… eP Ml;Lj;jhb kha;l;ld; MNkhjpf;fpw… khspu kf;fhs;! cq;fs fhR nrytopr;R> t];]py nfhOk;G fhl;l $l;b te;j vd;dj;Jf;F…? nfhWf;fht Nrkd; Mf;Ftjw;fh…?’

‘X…! g;g;Nghlh… nfhWf;fhl mwhq;Fl;b…’ vd;W fwfwj;J jpBnud Kj;JK`k;kJ neQ;rpy; gshnud miwe;jhu;. tpOe;j miwapd; typapYk; mjpu;r;rpapYk; jhbkh];lupd; kPJ rupe;J tpOe;jhd; Kj;JK`k;kJ.

‘nfhOk;G ntapy;y jiytUf;Fk; rupah jy Ntya;wy;y! Cu;y fl;rp tsu;f;fpw ehdh… nfhWf;fhth…? mg;gf;fhup kfis ntspehl;Lf;fDg;gp ef;Fw eha; nkhl;Lf;ifad; gs;spnkhdf;fp Nrkdhk; Nlht;…t;…?”[19]

,t;thwhd tirr; nrhw;fisf; Nfl;l Kj;JKfk;kJ nra;yhd; `h[pahiu jhf;fpdhd;. ,t;thW gjtpf;fhd gpzf;F Vw;gl;lij Nehf;fyhk;.

NkYk;> fl;rp cWg;gpdu;fs; xUtUf;nfhUtu; khwp khwp gpuRuk; ntspapl;ldu;. I. vd;. gp Rtnuhl;bfs; ,utpy; xl;lg;gl;L fhiyapy; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ‘,];yhj;ij tpw;Fk; ByUk; nkhl;Lf;if thyUk;’ vd;w NuhzpNahg; gpuRuk; gioa jkpopy; ntspahfp fl;rpg; Nghuhspfis nfhjpf;f itj;jJ. ,jw;F gjpybahf ‘Ntg;ge;Njhg;ig tpOq;fpa njhg;ig Mrp’ vd;w mjd; etPd gpuRuk; ntspahdJ.

mt;thNw fl;rpj;jhty;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. I. vd;. gp fl;rpapd; Vohk; ,yf;f Ntl;ghsuhd nkhl;. Kfk;kj;fdp ,];yhkpa fl;rpf;F jhTk; rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;wJ.

md;iwa fhyj;jpd; ntspehl;L Ntiy tha;g;G Kftuhd rg;Gr;Ry;jhd; vd;gtd; gzgyk; mjpfhugyk; xUq;Nf ngw;wtdhf ,Ue;jhd;. ,td; I. vd;. gp fl;rpiar; Nru;e;jtd;. re;ju;g;gj;jpw;F Vw;g ,];yhkpa fl;rpnad $WtJ Nghd;w rk;gtq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. 

“,J xq;fl jiytu;u glk;. Rk;kh xl;bapUf;fd;. nfhOk;gpy ehd; ,]pyhq;fl;rpjhd;! glj;j nfsg;gp kj;j gf;fk; ghU.... ngukjh]hl glk;.... xdf;F murpay; tpsq;fhb Y}yp...”[20]

vd Kj;JKfk;kij Nehf;fp rg;G Ry;jhd; $Wtjhf mike;Js;sJ. 

“I.vd;.gp  Ntl;ghsuhd grwpr;Nrid my;`h[; vk;. vy;. vr; mfkJyg;ig gs;spKid te;J> vl;lhk; ,yf;f Ntl;ghsuhd rg;GRy;jhdpd; nka;g;ghJfhty; cjtpAld; Cnuq;Fk; #whtsp Rw;Wg;gazpj;J gpuRuq;fSk; ,lfrpakha; N;ghj;jy;fSk; toq;fp thf;FfSf;F tpiy epu;zapj;J thf;F tq;fpapypUe;J thf;FWjp thq;fpr; nrd;whu;.

mikjpaha; ,Ue;j gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpy; td;Kiw ikaq;nfhs;s Muk;gpj;jJ. xUehs; ,utpy; jpBnudg; gLthd;fiuapy; ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpfis ,dk; njupahjtuhy; jhf;fp cilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;F gjpybahf gl;lg;gfypy; gs;sp tPjpapy; ahNuh nra;yhd; `h[pahupd; fhu; fz;zhbfis fw;fz;lhf;fpdu;. ru;gj;GytUk; fUj;j jz;ilaYk; gr;irj; njhg;gp fhuu;fshy; ,Ul;lbgl;L ,uj;jk; Njha;e;jdu;. nrapyhd; `h[pahupd; GJRtnuhl;bfspy; fUg;G Nfhapy; mgpN\fKk; rhzpj;jpupePUkhf Vfj; jpUtpohthf ,Ue;jJ fUg;G tPjpfspy; fl;rp rpd;dq;fSk; Ntl;ghsu; ,yf;fq;fSk; thfdr; rf;fuq;fspy; miuf;fg;gl;ld. Cu; nghJkf;fs; tPL te;j Ntl;ghsu;fs; midtUf;Fk; thf;fspf;f thf;FWjp mspj;J rpupj;jdu;. eLeprpapy; Kj;JK`k;kJ jq;fp ,Ue;j tPl;bd; kPJ jpBnud etPd uf Jg;ghf;fpfs; ntbj;jd. Gay; vd vOe;j fl;rp Nghuhspfshy; Xb xopa Kad;w NghyP]; thfdk; cilf;fg;gl;LJ. njhlu;e;j fythk; Kj;JK`k;kjpd; jiyaPl;bdhy; rw;W jzpe;jJ. Cupy; elkhlNt mr;rkhf ,Ue;jJ.”[21] ,jd; %yk; md;iwa #oypy; murpay; gpsTfs; gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;witfis tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ.

,ijj; jtpu md;iwa murpay; #oypid ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ> K];ypk; ngz;fs; murpaypy; Kjd; Kiwahf <Lgl;l fhykhfTk; njhz;Z}W fhyg; gFjpNs fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F murpay; $l;lq;fSf;F ngz;fs; fye;J nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w tplaq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;lhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,J jtpu> murpay; $l;lq;fspy;  gs;spthry; jiytu; Nghd;w nry;thf;F ngw;wtu;fs; ‘tPw;wpUe;j 15 NgiuAk; mtu;fNs mtu;fNs vd;W gjpdhW jlit tpopj;J Kbe;jJk;’ vd;gJk; Kj;JK`k;kJ Nghd;w rhjhuz njhz;ld; ‘nghq;fpa ngUikAld; Ngupdthj tpyq;if Ik;gj;jpehyhtJ jlitahfTk; cilf;f Muk;gpf;f’ vd;gJk; ntWk; vz;zpf;ifahf kl;Lky;y> r%f me;j];jpy; cs;stu;fspd; topjy;isAk; rhjhuz kf;fs; kdjpy; murpay; Vw;gLj;Jk; khiaapd; ek;gpf;ifAk; ntspf;fhl;LtjhfNt cs;sJ.

,t;thwhd mbg;gilapNyNa md;iwa Aj;j nfLgpbf;Fs; rpf;Fz;l gs;spKidf;fpuhk mg;ghtp kf;fspd; tho;tpaypy; ,dj;Jt murpayhdJ Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;ij mt;thNw glk;gpbj;J fhl;Ltjhf ehtyhrpupau; md;iwa murpay; gpd;dzpapy; epd;W fijia efu;j;jpAs;shu;. me;jtifapy;> ,e;ehtiy K];ypk; murpay; tuyhw;wpd; xU Mtzk; vd;Nw Fwpg;gplyhk;.

 

3.2.2. Aj;jKk; mjd; jhf;fq;fSk;

kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; ,d;wpaikahj vz;zq;fSs; xd;whf td;Kiw fhzg;gLfpwJ. kpf Nkhrkhd td;Kiwfis tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; vd;w ngaupy; njhlq;fp gaq;fukhd Kiwapy; Kbj;Js;s epiyik fhyk; fhykhf cyfj;jpy; eilngw;W tUfpwJ. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;> ,J gy;ypd kf;fs; thOfpd;w xU ehlhFk;. ,q;F ,d uPjpahd td;KiwahdJ Muk;gfhyk; njhlf;fk; ,d;Wtiu ,lk;ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. ,d uPjpahd td;Kiw my;yJ ,d Kuz;ghL vDk; NghJ> ehl;bd; Njrpa ,dq;fs; jk; milahsj;ij epiy epWj;jpf; nfhs;s ,dk;> nkhop> gz;ghL> rhjp> nghUshjhuk; Kjypa ,d;Ndhud;d tplaq;fSf;fhf gpzf;FWtjhFk;. me;jtifapy;> rpq;fstUf;Fk; jkpoUf;Fk; ,ilapy;  kpf ePz;l fhykhf ,lk;ngw;W te;Js;s ,dNkhjyhdJ K];ypk;fs; gf;fk; jpUk;gp mtu;fisAk; jhf;fp nrd;Ws;sJ. ,Jgw;wp tpupthf ,e;ehtypd; Njhw;wg; gpd;dzpapy; Nehf;fpAs;Nshk;. ,e;ehty;> 1990 fhyg;gFjpfspy; K];ypk; fpuhkq;fs; Aj;jj;jf;nfLgpbf;Fs; mfg;gl;l epiyia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,J gw;wp ehtyhrpupau;;>

“1990 Mk; Mz;L fhyg;gFjp ,yq;if kf;fspd; Nghupay; tho;tpy; kpf Jd;gpayhd tuyhwhf ,Ue;jJ. ahu; ahiu Vd; nfhy;Yfpwhu;fs; vd;W ahUf;FNk Gupahj epiyapy; jpdKk; nfhiyr; nra;jpfNs jiyg;Gr; nra;jpfshf thrpf;fg;gl;L nfhz;bUe;jd. efuq;fspy; ghupa ntbFz;Lfs; ntbj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j NghJ fpuhkq;fspy; kpjpntb> fz;zpntb> n[hdpntb vd;W ntbtpijfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. jtpuTk; `u;j;jhy;> filailg;G> Ntiy epWj;jk;> lau; fyhr;rhuk;> jPitg;G+> nfhs;is> gzp Klf;fk;> tupmwtPL> ghypay; gyhj;fhuk;> fhl;bf;nfhLg;G> fupehs; mD\;bg;G vd;W NtWgy gf;f tpisTfs; nghJkf;fis fyq;fbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;jd. NkYk; tlGy K];ypk; kf;fs; tho;tplq;fis tpl;L tpul;b mbf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jdu;. ,g;gbahd gLgaq;fukhd ,f;fhyg;gFjpapy; gRikahd gu;jhTf;Fs; mikjpahf mlq;fpapUe;j fpof;fpyq;ifapd; xU Ff;fpuhkj;jpy;> ,e;j 90fspd; Nghu;Kfk; GFe;j NghJ mq;F Vw;gl;l mkspJkspfs;jhk; ,e;ehtypd; mj;jpthuk;”[22]

,jd;gb ,e;ehtypd;> Nghu;r;#oypd; ntspg;ghl;bid Nehf;Ftkhapd;> Kjy; mj;jpahaj;jpNyNa Nghu; Kfj;jpid vk;khy; mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ. gs;spKid fpuhkj;jpw;F nry;Yk; ghij gw;wp Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ>

“mq;F fz;zpntb kw;Wk; n[hdpntbfSf;F jg;gp> tpN\l mjpubg;gilapdupd; kpdp fhtyuizAk; ntw;wpfukhff; fle;J vr;rupf;ifAld; nrd;why; gs;sp Kid fpuhkk; te;JtpLk;”[23] vd Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;thW Aj;j #oNyhL Muk;gpf;Fk; ,e;ehtypd; mLj;jLj;j mj;jpahaq;fs; gaq;futhjj;jpd; tpspk;gpy; epd;w 90 fhyg;gFjpiaAk; mjd; mNfhuj;ijAk; glk; gpbj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. Vd;? vjw;F? vd;w fhuzk; ,y;yhj njhlu; nfhiyfs; ,lk;ngw;wd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf ,];yhkpaf; fl;rp cWg;gpdUk; ,isa NghuhspAkhd guf;fj;Jy;yh vd;ttupd; nfhiyr;rk;gtk; ,lk;ngw;wJ. ,Jgw;wp gs;spKid kf;fs; NgRk; NghJ>

“RLgl;l rk;khe;Jiw guf;fj;Jy;yh`; mq;f fLk; nry;thf;fk;… Gypg;gil Rl;l vz;l  rhl;Ly I. gp. Nf jhd; Rl;lahk;…’

‘y;yapy;y… e;jpag; gly;y… $lj; jpupAw jkpo; uhZtkhk;…z;L Ngg;gu;y nflf;f…”[24]

,t;Tiuahly; %yk; mf;nfhiy ahu; vjw;fhfr; nra;jhu;fs; vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;FwpahfNt cs;sepiy Gyg;gLfpwJ. njhlu; Jg;ghf;fp #LfSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. ‘nfhOk;G GQ;rp nghuy;iy re;jpapy; epfo;e;j Gyp gaq;futhjpfspd; Jg;ghf;fpr; #l;by; nfhyd;dht ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk; gpujp ntsptptfhu mikr;rUkhd nfsut jpNduh vf;fehaf nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;. ,tUld; ghJfhg;G mjpfhupfs; ,UtUk;… kw;Wk;…’ vd nra;jpfs; njhlu;tijf; fhzyhk;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpj; jiytupd; nrd;w thfdj;jpd; kPJ fpuidl; tPr;Rj; jhf;Fjy; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. mjd;NghJ thfdj;jpy; nrd;w rhujp> ghJfhg;G cj;jpNahfj;ju; gypahdJld; jiytu; kapupioapy; jg;gpdhu;. Kj;JK`k;kjpd; %d;W tpuy;fs; ,of;fg;gl;lJ. ,J gw;wpa nra;jp Clfq;fs; gyjug;gl;l fUj;Jf;fs; njuptpj;j tz;zk; ,Ue;jJ. ,r;rk;gtk; mf;fhy K];ypk;fSf;F ghJfhg;G ,y;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ‘z;ilf;fp fhyj;jhy rtsf;filf;fp khL fl;lg; Nghd K];ypkhf;fs; nuz;L Ngiu ntl;b ehzg;gj;jf;f Nghl;bUf;fhk;…’ ‘mf;fugj;Jy xoT kprpdf; flj;jpdahk;…> fhiujPtpy z;lf;fp fu;j;jhyk;…’ ,t;thW nrhj;Jr; #iwahlg;gly;> njhlu;e;j Ml;lflj;jy;> mjw;fhd gopthq;fy;fy;fs; ‘rk;gkhe;njhiwy;y K];ypkhf;fs; nuz;L Ngiu flj;jpidahk;…> mtd;l tPukidf; fpuhkj;Jf;f G+e;J ek;klhf;fs; Rl;ilahk;… ehY jkpod; nrj;jahk;… Cj;jg;gl rk;ke;njhiwNa uTz;lg; gz;zg; NghFjk;…’ ,t;thwhf mf; fhyg;gFjp Aj;jj;jpw;F ve;jtpj rk;ge;jKk; ,y;yhj MAjq;fis mwpahj K];ypk;fs; kPJ fl;lw;w td;Kiwia vy;yhj;jug;Gk; fl;ltpo;j;Jtpl;l fhyg;gFjpahf fhzg;gLtjid Nehf;fyhk;. md;iwa K];ypk;fs; xd;Wk; mwpahj mg;ghtpfshf ,Ue;jdu; vd;gij> ‘ek;ksj; jtpu vy;yhu;lapk; MAjk; ,upf;fp…’ ‘ehk K]pypk; Mf;fs; murpay; mehijfs;…’ vd;gjd; %yk; gjpT nra;fpwhu; ehtyhrpupau;.

md;iwa epiy Fwpj;J ehtyhrpupau; Kj;JKfk;kjpid epWj;jp gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. nfhOk;gpy; ,lk;ngw;w Gwf;Nfhl;il jiytu; g]; Fz;Lntbg;G> Kf;fpa fl;rpj;jiytu; xUtu; jw;nfhiy jhf;Fjypy; nfhy;yg;gl;l NghJ Vw;gl;l fytu epiyfs;> Aj;j epWj;j cld;gbf;ifia mbf;fb kPWk; rpW rpW jhf;Fjy;fs;> nts;is Ntdpy; nfhOk;gpd; NfhB];tug; gpuKfu; flj;jy;> fg;gk;> nts;stj;ijr; Rw;wp tisg;Gf;fs;> tpLtpf;f Nghuhl;lk;> gs;sp rpWtu;fspd; ghlrhiy thfdj;jpy; Fz;L> rpjwp kuzpj;j gpQ;Rfs;> njhlu;e;j fytuq;fs;> ,uhZtj; jiyikafk; kPjhd mjpubj; jhf;Fjy;fs;… mg;gg;gh… Kj;JK`k;kJ ,g;gb vj;jidNah mrk;ghtpjq;fSf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLj;Jk; fz;Lzu;e;Jk; tpl;lhd;.

,t;thwhd xU gaq;futhjj;jpdhy; md;iwa kf;fs; gy;NtW vjpu;kiwahd tpisTfis vjpu;nfhs;s Neupl;lJld; mtu;fsJ ,ay;Gtho;f;if vd;gJ rpf;fy; epiwe;jjhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> kuz tPl;by; ngUk; Xyk; vOk;NghJ $l ‘Gypg;gil GFe;Jl;Nlh…’ vdf; Nfl;ly;. Gjpa kdpju;fs; CUf;Fs; EioAk; NghJ Gypahf ,Uf;FNkh vd re;Njfpj;jy;. mtru Njit epkpj;jkhff; $l ntspapy; nry;yKbahj epiy. vg;NghJ vq;F Fz;L ntbf;FNkh vd;w mr;rk;. jtpu> Nghf;Ftuj;J vd;gJk; kpfTk; rpukkhd xd;whfNt fhzg;gl;lJ. ,d;W ehk; 6 kzpj;jpahyj;jpw;Fs; nry;Yk; nfhOk;Gf;F md;W 12 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; Njitg;gl;ld. ,e;epiyapid>

“xU ehSk; ,y;yhj 18 kzp Neu thfdg; gazk;! topnaq;Fk; gaj;Jld; njhy;iy jUk; ,uhZt nghyp]; fhtyud;fs;… Kfhk;fs;… Vwp ,wq;fy;fs;… vt;tplj;jpy; Fz;L ntbf;FNkh…? fd;dp ntbapy; g]; cau fpsk;gp ntbf;FNkh…?”[25]

vd;gjd; %yk; mwpayhk;. ,t;thwhd mbg;gilapy; 90 fspy; gil #o;e;j Aj;j Nkhfk; vg;gb ,Uz;l gugug;Gk; gaKk; epiwe;j tho;it kf;fSf;F je;jd vd;gij mg;gbNa ntspf;fhl;bas;shu; ehtyhrpupau;.

3.2.3 tpLjiy czu;T

Nkw;$wg;gl;l Nghu;r; #oypdhYk; vJTk; mwpahj kf;fs; kPJ fl;ltpo;j;J tplg;gl;l td;Kiw Nghd;wtw;whYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l K];ypk; r%fk; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ gpujpepjpfs; kj;jpapy; tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w czu;T Mog;gjpe;jpUg;gij fhzyhk;. rpWghd;ikapduhd K];ypk;fs; murpay; mdhijfshfNt ,Ue;jdu;. ,jdhy; ngUk;ghd;ikapduhy; gyjug;ghYk; fhuzkpd;wp jhf;fg;gl;ldu;. jq;fsJ capu; cilik vd;gtw;iw ehSf;Fehs; gwpnfhLj;jJld; epk;kjpaw;w tho;f;ifia tho;e;jdu;. vdNtjhd;> ngUk;ghd;ikapd; ,t;mlf;FKiwapypUe;J tpLgl Ntz;Lk; vd;w czu;T mtu;fsplj;jpy; NkNyhq;FfpwJ. mt;thW tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vdpd; jkf;nfd jdpahd murpay; jsk; Ntz;Lk; vd;w NjitiaAk; mk;kf;fs; czu;e;jdu;. ,jdhNy  K];ypk;fspd; gpujpepjpahd ,];`hf; mtu;fs;> K];ypk;fspd; vOr;rpf; Fuyhf> jdpj;Jtj;ij epiyehl;Ltjw;fhf mtu;fsJ milahs murpayhfg; gy;NtW Gj;jp[PtpfSld; ,ize;J ,];yhkpaf; fl;rp vd;Dk; fl;rpiaj; jhgpj;jhu;. ,J kur; rpd;dj;Jld; ngUk; tpUl;rkhf tsu;e;jJ. ,jd; %yk; kf;fspd; murpay; czu;itj; jl;bvOg;gpdhu;. tpLjiy ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w jhfj;NjhL K];ypk; rKjhak; ,Ue;jjdhy; mf;fl;rpapd;ghy; gyUk; <u;f;fg;gl;lJld; gy ,lq;fspYk; MjuT jpusj; njhlq;fpaJ. ,jw;F KO MjuT toq;fpa xU fpuhkkhf gs;spKidf; fpuhkKk; mjpy; xUtd; Kj;JK`k;kJk; Mthd;. ,jidf; nfhz;Nl ,e;ehty; nry;fpd;wJ. me;j tifapy; gs;spKidf; fpuhkq;fspd; tpLjiy czu;Tk; mjw;F ,f;fl;rpAk; mjd; jiyikAk; vt;thW J}z;LNfhyhf ,Ue;jJ vd;gij Nehf;Fk;NghJ> njhlf;fj;jpy;>

‘…NghuhspfNs Gwg;gLq;fs;! Xuj;jpy; epd;W nfhz;L Xa;ntLf;f Neukpy;iy… Mykukha; ehk; r%fk; tho Ntz;Lk;…mij tho;tpf;f Gwg;gLq;fs;…’[26] vd;W czu;r;rp G+u;tkhd thrfj;jpd; %yk; tpLjiy czu;itj; jl;b vOg;Gtjhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

tpLjiy czu;it J}z;Ltjpy; jPtpukhf nraw;gl;ltuhf jiytu; ,];`hf; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;. mtu; ciu epfo;j;Jk; NghJ>

“…mJ kl;Lky;y ekJ khtl;lj;jpd; MW rigfisAk; ntd;nwLj;J rpq;fstupd; ,d JNtrj;jpw;Fk; Gypfspd; ,dr; Rj;jpfupg;gpw;Fk; ,e;jpa mikjpg;gilapd; ml;lfhrj;jpw;Fk; mtu;fspd; xl;Lz;zpfshd jkpo; Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpdUf;Fk; ekJ xd;W jpuz;l gyj;ij fhl;Ltjw;Fk;> Vd; xU rpwe;j Ml;rp khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; vkJ jdpj;Jt fl;rpg; Nghuhspfs; Gwg;gl;Ltpl;ldu;…’

‘…,e;j taw;r;Nridg; gpuNjr rigia ekJ fl;rp ifg;gw;Wk; gl;rj;jpy;… ,d;]h my;yh`;… ,d;Dk; rpy khjq;fspy; vdJ ,uz;lhtJ jhafkhd ,e;j gs;spKid kf;fSf;F> xU gs;spKid kfNd> jtprhsuhf mku;e;jpUg;ghu;. jiyikj;Jtk; cWjpahf ,Uf;fpwJ…”[27]

,t;thW> jiytu; tpLjiy Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd czu;r;rpg;gpsk;ghf jdJ ciuia epfo;j;j> mjpy; ce;jg;gl;l kf;fs; tpLjiy ntwp nfhz;L> ikjhdk; mjpu NfhrKk; tpz;zjpu jf;gPu; Kof;fKk; gpse;J fl;bdu;.

“jpahf epyj;jpy; ,uj;j tpj;J tpijj;J tsu;j;j tpUl;rk; ekJ fl;rp! ,jpy; Rayhg mWtilf;F topapy;iy. tpahghupfSf;F ,J jhstpy;iy. ,J Gjpa Nghuhspfspd; Gfyplk;. MSik kpf;f mLj;j re;jjpapd; miktplk;. nkhj;jkhf ,J K];ypk;fspd; gyk;! mirf;f Kbahj gyk;!! me;j gyj;ij gs;spKid kf;fs; Nju;jypy; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. jiyikj;Jtk; thf;FWjp mspj;jgb Kjd;ik Ntl;ghsiu gs;spKidf;F je;jpUf;fpwJ. mtiuj; jtprhsuhf;FtJ ,dp cq;fspd; iffspy;!!! ePq;fs; jk;gp Kj;JKfk;kjpw;F ghLgLtJ jiytUf;F ghLgLtJ Nghyr; nra;tPu;fsh?????” vdf; Nfl;f ehNu jf;gPu; my;yh`{ mf;gu; vd $l;lk; njspthf gjpyspj;jJ. ,jd; %yKk; tpLjiy czu;T ntspg;gl;L epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

jtpu gs;spKid kf;fs; mg;gaq;fukhdkhd #oypYk; fl;rpf; $l;lq;fspy; fye;J nfhs;tJk; Nju;jy;fSf;fhd Vw;ghLfisr; nra;tJk; vd;gd vg;gbahtJ Ml;rp khw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;jp ,df;FOf;fspd; ml;^spaq;fspypUe;J tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;Nf MFk;.

“ehk Krpypk; Mf;fs; murpay; mehijfs;…mjhd; ek;kl jiytU…e;jf; fr;rpa…’

‘X…X…eP NtZk;lhg; ghU…ntj;jp Rtu;! MW vlKk; ek;kl fr;rp jhd; nty;Yk;”[28]

vd;gjd; %yk; mk;kf;fsplkpUe;j tpLjiy ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;w jhfKk; vg;gbahtJ Ml;rp khw;wk; Vw;gl;LtpLk; vd;w jiytu; kPJk; fl;rp kPJk; nfhz;l ek;gpf;ifAk; Gyg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;.

3.2.4. tu;f;f Kuz;epiy

,U egu;fs; my;yJ ,U FOf;fs; VNjh xU fhuzj;jpw;fhf jq;fSf;Fs; Kuz;gl;L nfhs;Sk;epiy Kuz;ghL vdyhk;. xU r%fj;jpy; Kuz;ghL Vw;gLtJ jtpu;f;f KbahjjhFk;. mjhtJ> tu;f;fk; vq;F ,Uf;FNkh mq;F Kuz;ghL ,Uf;Fk;. ,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiu ,J gy;ypd kf;fs; thOfpd;w ehlhFk;. ,q;F ,d uPjpahd Kuz;ghL> tu;f;f uPjpahd Kuz;ghL vd;gd md;Wnjhl;Nl ,lk;ngw;W te;Js;sd. nfhy;tnjOjy; 90 vDk; ,e;ehtypy; tu;f;f Kuz;ghL vt;thW ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ my;yJ ntspf;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gij Nehf;Ffpd;w NghJ> ,q;F ,U epiyfspy; vk;khy; Nehf;f KbAk;. xd;W> KO ehl;bw;Fs;Sk; ngUk;ghd;ik ,dq;fs; rpWghd;ik ,dq;fis mlf;fp Mo;jy;> mLj;J> gs;spKidf; fpuhkk; vDk; K];ypk; fpuhkj;jpy; mk;kfspilNa ,lk;ngWk; tu;f;fKuz;ghL vd;gdthFk;.

gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpy; tu;f;fKuz;epiy vDk; NghJ> njhopyhsp - Kjyhsp> gbj;jtd; - ghkud;> Vio - gzf;fhud;> mjpfhuj;jpy; cs;std; - mjpfhukw;wtd; vd;w mbg;gilapy; ,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;.

,e;ehtypd; fjhehafdhd Kj;JKfk;kJ trjpNah gbg;gwpNth mw;w rhjhuz fpuhkj;J ,isQd;. md;iwa #oypy; ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd;ghy; ,td;> jdf;Nf cupa kNyrpah thRNjtd; Fuyhy; ghLgtd;. mJNt mtdJ njhopYk; nghOJNghf;Fkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ.

,e;epiyapy; fl;rpf; $l;lNkilapy; mwptpg;gjw;fhfTk; ghly; ghLtjw;fhfTk; jiytupd; tuit vjpu;ghu;j;J fhj;J epw;fpwhd;. jiytu; tUk;NghJ>

“,Njh…vq;fs; mbik tpyq;nfhbj;j jhdj;jsgjp… vq;fs; ,ja fdp…ghuhs te;j Nghuhspfspd; jiytu;…,yq;if ,];yhkpa fl;rpapd; jiytu;… te;Jtpl;lhu;fs;”

vd ngUkpjj;NjhL mwptpj;J tpl;L jiytiu neUq;fpr; nrd;W mtiur; re;jpf;f Kw;gLk; NghJ> mjpubg;gil tPud; xUtd; ,ilapy; GFe;J Kj;JKfk;kijj; js;sp tpl;lhd;. NkilapypUe;J Kj;JKfk;kJ ky;yhf;f tpOe;jhd;. Nkilapy; ,Ue;j Cu; gpuKfu;fs; kj;jpapy; xU nry;yhfhrhfpg; Nghdhd;. ,jd;%yk; md;iwa r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l rKjha Vw;wj;jho;tpid Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thW mbkl;l njhz;ld; js;sptplg;gLk; rk;gtj;Jld; njhlq;Fk; ,e;ehty; KOtJk; ,t;tu;f;f Kuz;epiy tpahgpj;J ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ntspehl;L Ntiy tha;g;G Kftuhd Ry;jhd; vd;gtd; gzgyk;> mjpfhu gyk;> fy;tpmwpT vd;gtw;iw xUq;Nf ngw;wtdhf fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. ,t;thwhd me;j];Jkpf;f ,td; rhjhuz Vioahd Kj;JK`k;kij jho;j;jpf; fpz;ly; nra;gdhf fhzg;gLfpwhd;. ,J ,e;ehtypd; gy ,lq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

“Nghlh nfhWf;fhg;gsp! nfhOk;G njupahj Ngah! xdf;F ghl;L gbf;fj;jhd; njupAk;…”

‘Ntnwd;da;w vsQuzpj; jiytU? CLtsT ,y;yhk ePah ghukLf;fpw?... kr;rhd; nkhw vz;lj;Jf;fhf ehiy gz;zyhkh`h? vd;W ef;fyhf Nfl;L rpupj;jhd;.’

‘V…eP…nuz;L rjj;Jf;F topapy;yhky; nfhWf;fhg;Gspa fsntLj;j tq;fprk; y;yh…?”[29]

,t;thwhf Ry;jhd;> Kj;JK`k;kij jho;j;jp NgRtJk;>

‘nfhWf;fhg; Ngah! vd;l Ngrdy; nt\aq;fs;s jiyaplhj> nrhy;ypl;Nld;! ntsq;Fjh? nfhOk;G fhilad; KOf;f vd;l nghf;fl;Lf;Fs;s… vdf;F njupahk thyhl;bdh gs;spkidf;fp xz;l ikaj;J jhd; NghFk;… xOf;fkhfg; gL’ vd;W kpul;LtJk;> ,ilf;fpilNa MAjj;ij fhl;b kpul;LtJk; NkYk;> gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;ij kl;LNk mwpe;jpUe;j Kj;JK`k;kij nfhOk;gpy; jdpahf jtpf;f tpl;L nry;tJ Nghd;w tplaq;fs; mjpfhuk; kpf;ftu;fshy; rhjhuz kf;fSf;F ,iof;fg;gLfpd;w mlf;FKiwfisf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. mJ kl;Lkd;wp rg;G Ry;jhd; ntspehl;L Ntiy tha;g;G Kftuhf ,Ug;gjd; fhuzkhf twpa FLk;gj;J ngz;fis ntspehl;bw;F mDg;Gk; ngaupy; mtu;fis gyhj;fhuk; nra;Jk; mtu;fis ,J Fwpj;J ntspapy; nry;yhjthW kpul;bAk; te;jhd;. mg;ghtp Viog; ngz;fs; ,jid ntopapYk; nrhy;y Kbahky; jkJ capiu kha;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; rk;gtq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;wd. nkhl cJkhdpd; kidtp eQ;R Fbj;J ,wf;fpwhs;. ,Jgw;wp ‘fztdhd KlTJkhd;: nef;fp xU kfd; jhd; Nru;… me;j rg;G eha; jhd; Nru; vd;l fpspa rh`ntr;r… mtd;… jhd;Nru;… nfhOk;Gf;F… $l;b Ngh…a;…z;ly;Nyh… my;yh…’ vd;W jiytiu Nehf;fp $Wfpwhu;. ,jd;%yk; Ry;jhd; gyhj;fhuk; nra;jJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J gw;wp Ry;jhdplk; Kj;JKfk;kJ Nfl;Fk; NghJ>

“fjia epg;ghl;L! nehf;F jy gOJ> nfhOk;Gy vd;da;w? gpisl;Ly Vj;jp cl;l. nkhlntDk; $lj;jhd; ,upe;jhd;. ngh];]pu kfs;s Kg;gJ gt;z; jq;fkhiyia fsntLj;j z;L nrhy;yp… ngh];]p #l;Lf;Nfhy; ntr;rp mbr;Rj; njhj;jp cl;Ll;lhd;.  mJf;F ehdh Ms;? ehdh fsntLf;f nrd;d?”[30]

,jd; %yk; Viog; ngz;fis jkJ fhk ,r;irf;F ,iuahf;fptpl;L mtu;fspd; Nky; gop Rkj;Jfpd;w cau;tu;f;fj;jpd; Nghf;fpid md;iwa fhy gFjpfspy; vk;khy; fhz KbfpwJ.

gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpd; gs;spj; jiytu; n[apyhd; `h[pahu; ,tu; mf;fpuhkj;jpy; me;j];Jk; mjpfhuKk; kpf;ftu;> jiytupd; cwtpdUk; $l ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp ,tu; Nkhrbfspy; <Lgl;Ls;shu;. ,jid> ‘kp];lu; nra;Dy; Mg;Bd;! ePq;f taw;Nrid khtl;l M];gj;jpup tp];jupg;G vd;W Kg;gj;NjO Vf;fu; Ntg;gkuj; Njhg;ig tpOq;fpa tp\aKk; gs;spthry; Gduikg;G vd;W Kg;gJ yl;rk; KOq;fpdJk; tof;F te;jpUf;F’ vd;gjd; %yk; me;j];j;J kpf;ftu;fis ahUk; Nfs;tp Nfl;f KbahJ vd;W Vio kf;fisAk; mtu;fsJ gzj;ijAk; Rwz;Lfpd;w cau;tu;f;fj;jpd; Nghf;iff; fhzKbfpwJ.

Kj;JK`k;kJld; jiytu; NgRtjw;F mioj;j NghJ> nrayhd; `h[pahu; njhiyNgrpia Kj;JK`k;kjplk; nfhLj;jhu;. mtd; Ngrp Kbj;gpd; njhiyNgrpia `h[pahuplk; nfhLj;j NghJ> mtu; jdJ rhy;itapdhy; mjid Jilj;J tpl;L kPz;Lk; Ngrpdhu;. ,jd; %yk; Kj;JK`k;kJ jPz;l jfhjtd; vDk; nraw;ghL ntspg;gl;L epw;gij fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,jd; gpd;duhd ciuahlypy;>

“k; nrup> jiytUf;F nry Neuk;…jy Nty nra;wy;y. vq;NfNah nflf;Fw nfhLf;fhg;Gspaz;l Ngaidnay;yhk; nlypNghdpy; $g;gpu;wJk;… ,isQUf;F jiytuhf;FwJk;… Ntd;yhk; ngupahsh? NtDf;F vd;d njupAk;? vd;idAk; njupAkhlh? vyf;fprd; elj;j njupAkhlh…? nehk;[PNerd;> ngyg;ghsp> mWj;jhy;> njy;yhk; vd;ndz;L njupAkhlh? mts; mg;gf;fhup kfis iyd; mbf;f kl;Lk; jhd; njupAk; vd rpupj;jhu;. ‘,d;dKk; d;dh fhYf;f ,upf;fpw fy;Kidf;fpg; Nghf njupah Ngf;ifad; nfhOk;Gf;F nghJf;$l;lj;Jf;F vg;gb Nghw… Nla;> vg;gpu;wh nfhOk;G Nghw… nfhOk;G Q;rhiyah? y;y mq;fhyah?’ ‘nfhOk;G vd;d fyu; z;L nry;wh ghg;gk; Kj;JKfk;kJ?’ vd nra;yhd; `h[pahUk; jhb kh];lUk; rpupj;jdu;.”[31]

,jd; %yk; rhjhuzkhd Viof; FLk;gj;jpy; gpwe;j xUtd; Cupy; me;j];Jkpf;ftu;fshy; J}w;wg;gl;L mtkhdg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whd;. NkYk; ,tu; jdJ me;j];J mjpfhuj;jpd; %yk; taw;Nrid gpuNjr jtprhsu; gjtpiag; ngw Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; jPtpukhfkhf nray;gLfpwhu;. ,jdhy; Vio kf;fis jdf;F MjuT toq;Ftjw;fhf kpdp g];]py; nfhOk;Gf;F $l;b nry;fpwhu;. Mdhy; jiytu; Kj;JK`k;kij jtprhsuhf epakpf;fpd;whu;. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j ,tu;> ‘futiyapy kPd; nghwf;fpd nfhWf;fhg;Gspaz;l ef;Fj;jpd;dp vyf;fprd; Nff;fpwahk;’. vd xU Vio vg;gb jtprhsuhFtJ vd;W rz;il ,Lfpwhu;. mjd;NghJ Kj;JKfk;kj;jpw;F miwe;J tirr; nrhw;fshy; mtid jhf;Ffpwhu;. ,jd; %yk; ViofSf;F mjpfhuj;jpy; gq;fpy;iy. mtu; mbikg;gl;ltu;fs;. jPz;lj;jfhjtu;fs; vDk; njhdp NknyOtijf; fhzyhk;. ,jw;fpilapy; te;j jiytupd; ,izg;gjpfhup `{ird; ghWf; ‘cq;fl ehl;L Gj;jpfis cq;fNshl tr;Rf; nfhs;Sq;f…,q;f Ntzh… ,J nfhOk;G…’ vdf; $Wfpwhu;. ,jd; %yk; xU tu;f;fNgjj;jpid fhzKbfpd;wJ.

,t;thW md;iwa r%fj;jpy; Viofs; mlf;fp xLf;fg;gLjy;> mjpfhuj;jpy; mtu;fSf;F gq;F toq;fg;glf; $lhJ vDk; kdepiy> mtu;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; #iwahlg;gLjy;> Viog; ngz;fs; gyhj;fhuj;jpw;F cl;gLjy; Nghd;w tu;f;f Khz;ghLfs;> rKjha Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; vd;gd ehtyhrpupauhy; rpwg;ghf ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

3.2.5. fhjy; czu;T

kdpjdhfg; gpwe;j midtuplj;jpYk; fhjy; vd;w mk;rk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. cyfpd; ve;j %iy KLf;FfSf;Fs;SNk fhjy; gutpf; fplf;fpd;wJ. ,t;thwpUf;f gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpYk; mf;fpuhkpa kzk; fkSk; mofpa fhjy; fij xd;iwj; je;Js;shu; ehtyhrpupau;. njhz;Z}Wfspy; ,lk;ngw;w gaq;futhjk; mjw;Fs; vOe;j murpay; vd;gd Ff;fpuhkkhd gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;jpy; vt;thwhd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpaJ vd;gij ntspg;gLj;j tpise;j Mrpupau; mjNdhL ,ize;j tifapNy fhjiyAk; ntspg;gLj;jp cs;shu;. murpaiy ntspg;gLj;j tpise;j Mrpupau; mjNdhL ,ize;j tifapy; fhjiy ntspg;gLj;jpdhuh? my;yJ xU fhjy; fye;j murpay; fijia efu;j;jpr; nrd;Ws;shuh? vd re;Njfpf;Fk; mstpw;F ,q;F fhjy; vd;gJ Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;W fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fijapd; ehafdhd Kj;JK`k;kjpdJk; mtDila khkpapd; kfshd ikKdhtpdJk; fhjNy ,e;ehtypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. md;wa r%f #oypy;w;Nfw;g mtu;fs; ,UtUf;Fkhd fhjiy ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu; Mrpupau;. ,jidg; Nghu;f;fhy fhjy;fij> murpay; fye;j fhjy;fij vd vk;khy; Fwpg;gpl KbAk;.

ehtypd; Muk;gj;jpy; vt;thW ehtyhrpupau;> njhz;Z}Wfspd; murpaiyAk; Aj;jNfhuj;ijAk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shNuh mt;thNw fhjiyAk; Kjy; mj;jpahaj;jpNyNa mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;shu;. Muk;gj;jpypUe;J ,Wjp tiu mf;fhjiy Nt&d;wr; nra;Js;shu;.

“Kj;J K`k;kJ Nkw;gb trdj;ij Ik;gj;J %d;whtJ jlitahfTk; mwptpj;Jtpl;L ngz;fs; gFjpia Nehl;lkpl;lhd;. jpl;Lj;jpl;lhf Kf;fhl;L ngz;fs; $l;lk;… gps;isfs;… ikKdhTk; te;jpUg;ghs;. vq;Nf ikKdh…? rl;nld gPlh tpahghupf;F ,lg;Gwkhf ikKdh njd;gl;lhs;. ml ikKdh nrhd;dhw; NghyNt te;jpUf;fpwhs;… ikf;fpy; Ngrpaij fz;bUg;ghs;… Kj;JK`k;kJ nghq;fpa ngUikAld; kWgb xypthq;fp gpbj;J> kWgbAk; Ngupdthj tpyq;if Ik;gj;J ehyhtJ jlitAk; cilf;f Muk;gpf;f ikKdhTk; mtsJ jk;gp ahrPDk; Nkilf;F mUfpNyNa te;J epd;W Kj;JKfk;kij mjpraKk; Mu;tkhf ghu;j;jdu;.”[32]

,t;thW Muk;gpf;Fk;> cyfk; mwpahj mbkl;l njhz;ldpd; fhjy; fij ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhd Kj;JK`k;kjpd; jpUkzj;NjhL Kbtilfpd;wJ. ,jw;fpilapy;> Mapuk; Mapuk; typ> Ntjid> Vf;fk;> jtpg;G> fz;zPu;> gpupT vd fij efu;fpwJ. ikKdhit nghWj;jtiuapy;> mts; Viof; FLk;gj;jpy; ehd;F rNfhjhu;fSf;F mf;fhthfTk; %j;j Gjy;tpahf gpwe;jts;. FLk;gj;jpd; Rik mts; jiyapNyNa Fkpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jdhy; mtsJ jhahu; mtis njhopy; epkpj;jk; ntspehl;Lf;F mDg;Gtjw;F Maj;jkhfpwhs;. Mdhy;> Kj;JK`k;kJ ,jw;F cld;glhky; Kuz;gLfpwhd;. vt;thW cld;gLthd;? ikKdh mtdJ capu;%r;R… mtsJ gpupit vg;gbj; jhq;Fthd;?... Kj;JK`k;kij Nehf;fp ikKdhtpd; jhahu;> ikKdhitAk; mtsJ jq;iffisAk; ghunkLj;J tPLtsT thq;Ftjw;F cd;dhy; KbAkh? vd;W Nfl;Fk;Nfs;tpahy; gjpy;$w Kbahky; ru;tq;fKk; xLq;fpg; Nghfpwhd;…

Kj;JKfk;kJ ikdhtplk; nrd;W ‘vd;d cl;Ll;L Ngha;Utpah…? ikKdh ehd; rhFNtd; eP Nghdh… mJTk; e;jr; rg;G Ry;jhd; ehNahl eP Nghdh ehd; nt\k; Fbg;gd;. y;yhl;b Gypg;gilapyhd; Nru;Ntd;… Xk;!’ vdf; $Wtjd; %yk; mtdJ mg;ghtpj;jdkhd fhjy; ntspg;gl;L epw;gijf; fhzyhk;.

ehtyhrpupau; ,tu;fSf;fpilapyhd fhjiy xU Neu;j;jpahf Kiwapy; moFw ntspg;gLj;jp cs;shu;. ,UtUk; rpWtplaq;fspYk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; fhjy; nfhs;tjhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. ‘Kj;JK`k;kJ ikKdhit Neuhfg; ghu;j;jhd;. me;jp fUf;fypy; Kfk; nrt;tup glu;e;jpUe;jJ. rhak; Nghl;l gd; FUj;Jg; Nghy; ,Ue;jhs;. tl;lkhfg; glglf;Fk; tpopfSk; $u;%f;Fk; ek;ikNa ek;gp ekf;fhfNt tho;fpw gjpNdO taJ fpuhkj;J ,ufrpak;! ,tsh… ntspehl;Lf;fh… Kj;JK`k;kJ neQ;R ntk;gp fPNo cl;fhu;e;jhd;. fz;fspy; ePu; Kl;baJ.’ vd;gJk;> ‘ikKdh vjpu;ghuhj tpjkhf Kj;JKfk;kij neUq;fp mtid xU nrf;fd; ,Wf;fkhf fl;bg;gpbj;jhs;. mtdJ kw kw fd;dj;jpy; gw;fs; gjpAk; tz;zk; ,Wf;fkhf xU rj;j Kj;jk; nfhLj;J rl;nld;W tpyfp> mtdJ ifapy; xU khu;gsT Gifg;glj;ij jpzpj;jhs;. ehd; ‘nfhitj;’ Jyapupe;J ,Ue;J ntU kl;Lk; vd;l nedg;ghj;jhd; kr;rhd; ,upf;fZk; ePq;f! mJf;Fj;jhd; ,J!’ vd $WtJk; mtu;fSf;F ,ilapyhd md;gpd; Moj;ij ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

ikKdh ntspehL nry;y Maj;jkhfpwhs;. Kj;J K`k;kJk; $lNt nry;fpd;whd;.  mtu;fs; nry;Yk; 18 Neu kzpNeu> nfhOk;G Nehf;fpa g]; gazj;jpy; ,U fhjy; N[hbfspd; fz;fspYk; fhjYk; gupjgpg;Gk; gpupTj;JauKk; Vf;fKk; nghq;fptoptjid fhzyhk;. ,jw;fpilapy; rg;G Ry;jhd; vDk; ntspehl;L Kftupd; Clhfj;jhd; ikKdh ntspehl;Lf;F nry;ytpUf;fpwhs;. rg;G Ry;jhd; gy ngz;fis gyhj;fhutd; nra;jtd; vd Kj;JK`k;kJ mwpe;jpUe;jikahy;> mtid epidf;Fk; Nghnjy;yhk; Kj;J K`k;kJtpw;F eufk; nfhjpj;jJ. ,jdhy; ikKdhtplk; mbf;fb mtdplkpUe;J js;sp ,Uf;FkhW $Wfpwhd;. Kj;JK`k;kijAk; jk;gp ahrPidAk; Vkhj;jp $l;br;nrd;W ,dk; Gupahj ,lj;jpy; tpl;LtpLfpwhd; Ry;jhd;. mg;NghJ Kj;JK`k;kJ ikKdhTf;F VjhtJ ele;J tpLNkh vdf; fyq;FtJk; mtSf;F VJk; ele;J tplf;$lhJ vd;w mtyg;gLtJk; mts; kPjhd fhjiyAk; jtpg;igAk; ntspg;gLj;JfpwJ.

ik%dh ntspehL nrd;wgpd;> gs;spKidf; fpuhkj;Jf;F NghfNt gpbf;ftpy;iy Kj;JK`k;kJf;F> mtspy;yhj mf;fpuhkj;ij mtdhy; epidj;Jk; ghu;f;f Kbatpy;iy. ,e;j #o;epiyapy; ‘nghd;khid Njb ehd; G+NthL te;Njd; ehd; te;j Neuk; me;jg; G+thq;F ,y;iy’ vd;w ghliy KZKZf;fpwhd;. ,jd; %yk; mtd; ikKdhtpd; kPJ itj;jpUe;j fhjypd; typ thrfu; kdjpy; Mokhf gjpfpwJ.

rhjhuzkhd Kj;JK`k;kJ mjpfhuj;NjhL kPz;Lk; gs;spKidf;F jpUk;Gk; NghJk;> rt+jp nrd;w jd; gpupaj;jpw;Fupa ikKdhit kwf;ftpy;iy. mtsJ epidT mtid thl;LfpwJ.

“ntspehl;Lf;Fg; gwe;J tpl;l ikKdhtplk; ,Ue;J xU jftYk; tutpy;iy. mwpaTk; tpUg;gkpy;yhjpUe;jJ. Mdhy; ik%dhtpd; $uhd %f;Fk; mg;ghtp cUz;il topfSk; neQ;rpy; mbf;fb RuPu;…RuPnud;W ijj;jJ. typj;jJ. ‘Nfhapy; kzp Xir… jd;id Nfl;l jhNuh… ,q;F te;jjhNuh…’ vd;gJk;> ikKdhtpd; jk;gp ahrPidg; ghu;f;Fk; NghJ> ‘mg;gbNa… ik%dhtpd; fz;zPu; fz;fs;… ikKdhtpd; $u;%f;F… fhMMjy; jPgk; xd;W… neQ;rpNy… VVw;wp itj;Njd;VVd;… Ngha;tpl;lhs;… NghNa tpl;lhs;… vq;Nf…?”[33] vd;gJk; vd;djhd; gjtpfs; te;J Nru;e;jhYk; xU ngz;zpd; kPjhd mlq;fhj fhjYk; jPuhj md;G kl;LNk kdJf;Fs; vQ;rpg;Ngha; ,Uf;Fk;. ,jdhy; mjpfkhf fhjypf;fg;gLfpd;w ikKdhtpd; epidTfspy; rjhTk; miyapd; JUk;ngd my;yhLfpd;whd; Kj;JKfk;kJ. ,jd; %yk; mtdJ Gdpjkhd fhjy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

,jw;fpilapy; ikKdh rg;G Ry;jhdpdhy; gyhj;fhuj;jpw;F cl;gLfpd;whs;. ,J Kj;J K`k;kJf;F njupatuNt> mtdJ epiy gw;wp ehtypy; Fwpg;ggpLk; NghJ> ‘tpf;fpj;J NghapUe;jhd; Kj;JK`k;kJ> tpau;j;J eide;jpUe;jhd;> fz;fs; rptg;ghapUe;jd> iffs; eLq;fpd> neQ;R twz;L fha;e;J tpl;lJ> mira ,aytpy;iy> njhz;ilf;Fs; vJNth cUz;L nghWj;jJ. ikKdhtpd; Fuy;…! vj;jidNah fhyq;fSf;fg;ghy; vj;jidNah iky;fSf;fg;ghy; ,Ue;J …,ij Nfl;fth ,j;jid ehl;fs; fhj;jpUe;J…’ ,jd; %yk; cz;ikahd Nerk; nfhz;l Kj;JK`k;kjpd; epiyia thrfu;fshy; Gupe;J nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

rg;G Ry;jhdpd; fijia Kbf;f vz;Zfpwhd; Kj;JKfk;kJ. MNtrk; mtd; cly; KOf;f uj;j#L khjpup guTfpwJ. mtd; jdJ gjtpia $l ,uh[pdhkh nra;a vz;Zfpwhd;. jdJ capiu ehrkhf;fpa Ry;jhidf; nfhd;W jPu;f;f ntwpNahL fpsk;Gfpwhd;. jdJ fhjypf;F Jd;gk; Vw;gLfpd;w NghJ mij ve;jf;fhjyDk; jhq;fpf; nfhs;s khl;lhd;. mt;thwhdnjhU epiyapNyNa Kj;JK`k;kJ fhzg;gLfpwhd;. mJTk; jhd; nrhu;f;fkhf fUJfpd;w> jdJ capuhf Nerpf;fpd;w> mtSf;fhfNt tho;fpd;w> Kj;J K`k;kJ vg;gb ,jid jhq;fpf; nfhs;thd;?.  xU ajhu;j;jkhd  fhjiyNa md;iwa #o;epiyf;ff;Nfw;g ehtyhrpupau; ,q;F ntspg;gLj;jpAs;shu;.

3.2.6. fpof;fpyq;if kf;fspd; fyhr;rhu> gz;ghl;L mk;rk;

xU r%fj;jpd; gz;ghL> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ> fhyk; fhykhf filgpbj;J tUk; nraw;ghLfs; MFk;. xU epiyapy; gz;ghL vd;gJ> xU FOtpd; tuyhW> Nghf;Ffs;> gz;Gfs;> Gupe;Jzu;Tfs;> mwpTg;guk;gy;fs;> tho;tpay; topKiwfs;> r%f fl;likg;G vd;gtw;iw Rl;b epw;fpwJ. NkYk;> nkhop> czT> ,ir> rka ek;gpf;iffs;> njhopy; rhu;Gfs;> fUtpfs; Nghd;witAk; ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. ,t;thwhd gz;ghl;L fyhrhu mk;rq;fs;> r%fj;jpw;F r%fk; ehl;bw;F ehL NtWgl;ljhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhy;tnjOjy; 90 vd;Dk; ,e;ehty;> fpof;fpyq;ifapd; K];ypk; fpuhkj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. mjdhy; ,e;ehty; KOtJk; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd;> fyhr;rhuk; gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. Fwpg;ghf mtu;fSf;Nf cupa rka rk;gpujhaq;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;iffs; vd;gd ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW Nehf;fyhk;>

3.2.6.1 rka rk;gpujhak;

,];yhkpa rkaj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy;> K];ypk;fs; Xupiwf; nfhs;if nfhz;Ls;sJld; Fu;Md; kw;Wk; egp mtu;fspd; topKiwahd Rd;dh vd;gtw;iw gpd;gw;wf; $batu;fs;. ,jd;gb> ,e;ehtypy; vt;thwhd rka rk;gpujha tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd vd;gij Nehf;FNthk;.

]yhk; $wy;:

xt;nthU rkaj;jpdUk; xU rigia Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ my;yJ xUtiu re;jpf;Fk; NghJ> xt;nthU tpjkh tho;j;Jf;fis nrhy;yp Muk;gpg;gu;. K];ypk; rKjhaj;ij nghWj;jtiuapy; ]yhk; $WtJ tof;fkhFk;. ,e;ehtypy; fl;rpf; $l;lq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; NghJ ryhk; $wp Muk;gkhtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

“m];]yhK miyf;Fk;. nghJkf;fNs> thf;fhsg; ngUkf;fNs $l;lk; njhlu;e;J eilngWk; ekJ fl;rpapd; gs;spKidf;fpisapd; nfhs;if gug;Gr; nrayhsuhd ehd;… vd;W Muk;gpj;jJk;…”

,t;thNw xU rigapid Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ> jkJ flTisg; Gfo;e;J ‘gp];kpy;’ $Wk; tof;fKk; K];ypk;fsplj;jpy; fhzg;gl;ld. ,itAk; ,e;ehtypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

“gp];kpy;yh`pu; u`;khdpu;h`Pk;! md;ghu;e;j nghJkf;fNs… ,yq;if ,];yhkpaf; fl;rpapd; Njrpa jiytUk; ekJ fz;zpd; kzpAk; Mfpa Myp [dhg; vk;. vr;. vk;. ,];`hf; vk;. gp mtu;fNs kw;Wk; ,q;F tPw;wpUf;Fk;…”[34]

vd Muk;gpg;gjhf cs;sJ.

fpuhmj; Xjp Muk;gpj;jy;:

xU rig my;yJ epfo;tpid Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ xt;nthU r%fKk; mjw;Fupa rk;gpujha Kiwg;gb mtutuJ flTis Gfo;e;J epfo;tpid Muk;gpg;gJ tof;fkhFk;. mt;thW K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ]yhk; $wpajd; gpw;ghL> jkJ flTshd my;yh`;itg; GfOk; tifapy; ‘fpuhj;’ Xjp Muk;gpg;gJ tof;fkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

“Cu; vy;iyapypUe;j flw;fiu ikjhdj;jpy; ,Wjpg; nghJf;$l;lk; Muk;gkhdJ Gul;rp nksytp Gioy; jiytupd; ftdaPu;g;Gf; fUjp ePz;l ‘fpuhmj;’ ePl;b Kisf;fp epWj;j kdkpd;wp epWj;jpa gpd;Dk; ‘]jf;y;yh`{…’ vdj; njhlq;fp Fl;b cgtrdj;Jld; Xa;thdhu;.”[35]

 vd fl;rpf; $l;lj;jpd; NghJ fpuhj; Xjp Muk;gpg;gJ ,e;ehtypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

K]hg`h nra;jy;;:

K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; tof;fq;fspy; K]h`gh nra;tJk; xd;whFk;. mjhtJ jq;fSf;F ,ilapy; gu];guk; xw;Wik Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ehtypy; jiytu; fl;rpf; $l;lk; Kbe;J tpilngWk; NghJ K]hfgh nra;J tpilngWfpwhu;. ,jid>

“jiytu; Kjypy; Kj;JK`k;kjpw;F ]yhk; nfhLj;J NjhNshL jOtp K]hfgh nra;jhu;."[36]

vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

ifyhF nra;jy;:

K]hfgh nra;tjpidg; Nghd;W ifyhf nra;jYk; K];ypk; r%fj;jpd; xU tof;fkhFk;. ifyhF vd;gJ ifFYf;Fjy;. xUtiu fhZk; NghJ mtUld; ifapyhf nra;J Ngr;ir Muk;gpj;jy;. ,jd; %yk; xw;Wik gu];guk; vd;gd tsUk; vd;gJ mtu;fsJ ek;gpf;if MFk;.

“nghWikah ,Uq;f… rup ehd; kWgbAk; tNud;… ,Ue;jgbNa cJkhDf;F ‘ifyhF’ nfhLj;J ]yhk; $wpa jiytupd; jOtypy; cJkhd; jd;id kwe;jhu;.”[37]

vd ,e;ehtypy; ,t;tof;fhW ,lk;ngWtijf; fhzyhk;

]ythj;J $Wjy;:

K];ypk; r%fj;ij nghWj;jtiu xU epfo;T Muk;gpf;Fk; NghJ> my;yJ rig $Lk; NghJ> ]yhk; $wp fpuhj; Xjp Muk;gpg;gijg; Nghd;W rig fiyAk;NghJ ]ythj;J $wp KbtiltJ xU tof;fkhFk;. ,J Kiwg;gb rig fiya Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.

“…rup… $l;lk; ,j;Jld; KbtilfpwJ. midtUk; vOe;J ]ythj;J nrhy;Yq;fs;…” vd;whu;. jiytu; vOe;Jtpl;lhu;. rig vOe;jJ. nrayhsu; jhkjkhf vOe;jhu;. gw;gy Fuypy; ]ythj; Muk;gpf;f - Gul;rp nksytp Gioypd; cuj;j Fuy; vy;yh Fuy;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp gPwpl;L Koq;fpaJ.”[38]

,t;thW fl;rp$l;lk; KbAk; NghJk;> ]ythj;Jf; $wp fiyAk; fhl;rp ,e;ehtypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

jf;gPu; $Wjy;;

,e;ehtypy; ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fspy; ‘ehNu jf;gPu;’ ‘my;yh`{ mf;gu;’ vd;w jf;gPu; ,lk; ngWtjidf; fhzyhk;. my;yh`{ mf;gu; vd;gjw;F my;yh`; kpfg; ngupatd; vd;gJ nghUshFk;. xt;nthU $l;lj;jpYk; ,dj;Jt murpaYf;F vjpuhf Nghuhb ekJ ,dj;ij fhg;Nghk; vd fl;rpf; $l;lq;fspy; NgRk; NghJ> ,j;jf;gPu; ,lk;ngWfpwJ. mjhtJ> ntw;wpAk; Njhy;tpAk; ek;ik gilj;j ,iwtd; ifapNy cs;sJ. mtd; ehbdhy; epr;rak; ntw;wp fpilf;Fk;. vtu; vt;tpj #o;r;rp nra;jhYk; ntw;wp epr;rak; vd;gjhFk;. ,e;j ek;gpf;ifia mbg;gilahf nfhz;Nl xt;nthU fl;rpf; $l;lk; kw;Wk; Ml;njuptpYk; ,f;Nfh\k; vOtijf; fhzyhk;.

mLj;j khjk; eilngwTs;s gpuNjr rigj;Nju;jypy; ,k;khtl;lj;jpy; MSk; I. vd;. gp fl;rpahy; xU rigia $l nty;y KbahJ.

‘ehNu jf;gPu;…’ nra;yhd; `h[pahu; vLj;Jf; nfhLf;f -

‘my;yh`{ mf;gu;!’[39] $l;lk; mjpu;e;jJ. ,t;thW gy ,lq;fspy; ,j;jf;gPu; Kof;fk; ,lk;ngWtjidf; fhzyhk;.

eufk;:

,];yhj;jpy; ed;ik nra;jtu;fs; nrhu;f;fk; nry;tJk; jPik nra;jtu;fs; eufk; nry;tJk; ,iw fl;lis MFk;. me;jtifapy;> K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ahUk; VjhtJ xU jtW nra;Ak; gl;rj;jpy; my;yJ jk;Kld; Kuz;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; mtiu VRtjw;fhf eP ‘eufj;’ jpw;Fr; nry;tha; vd;Wk; mq;F eufthrpfSf;F ,lk;ngWk; jz;lidfis Fwpj;J VRtJk; tof;fkhFk;.

ikKdh jd;id gyhj;fhuk; nra;j tplaj;ij $Wk;NghJ> ‘jq;f kr;rhd;…mtd; vdf;fp nrQ;r nfhLk… vd;l khdj;Jf;F mtd; nrQ;r `u;kj;Jf;F my;yh`{j;jMyh mtDila fz;zpNy ghk;G nfhj;jp rhthd;… GOj;J rhthd;… ntbj;Jr; rpjWthd;… Vohk; eufj;jpy; nfle;J vupthu;…’[40] vd VRfpwhs;.

‘,d;dhypy;yh`;’> ‘,d;\h my;yh`;’ Nghd;w thu;j;ij gpupNahfq;fis gad;gLj;jy;:

mjhtJ xUtUila ,wg;Gr; nra;jpfs; Nfl;Fk; NghJ K];ypk;fs; ‘,d;dhypy;yh`p t ,d;dh ,iy`p uh[pCd;’ vd;W $WtJ mtu;fSf;F flikahFk;. mjhtJ ,jd; nghUs; epr;rakhf ehk; my;yh`;Tf;F cupatu;fs; epr;rakhf ehk; mtdplNk kPs Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;. mNjNghy vjpu;fhyj;jpy; xU tplak; elf;f ,Uf;fpd;w NghJ my;yJ xUtplaj;ij nra;tjhf $Wk;NghJ> mjw;F ‘,d;\h my;yh`;’ vd;W $WtJ tof;fkhFk;. mjhtJ my;yh`; ehbdhy; elf;Fk; vd;gJ ,jw;Fg; nghUshFk;. ,t;thwhd thu;j;ij gpuNahfq;fs; ,e;ehtypy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sjid fhzyhk;.

,];uhaPy;:

,];uhapy; vd;gJ xU kyf;fhFk;. ,];yhj;jpy; xt;nthU kyf;FfsplKk; xt;nthU nghWg;Gfs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. me;jtifapy;> ,];uhapy; vd;w kyf;F capiu ifg;gw;Wgtu; Mthu;. K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ahUk; kuzpf;Fk; nghOJ ,];uhapy; capnuLj;jpl;lhu;.  vd;W nrhy;Yfpd;w tof;fhW fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

‘Kj;Jk;kJ>… vz;l kUkfNd… cq;f rhr;rpa ,];uhapYl;l FLj;Jl;ld; ghj;jpah lh…’[41] vd kidtpia ,oe;j nkhl cJkhd; $Wfpwhu;.

Kf;fhL> njhg;gp mzpjy;:

K];ypk; ngz;fis nghWj;jtiu if kw;Wk; Kfk; jtpu;e;j Vida cWg;Gfs; ,];yhj;jpy; kiwf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F Vw;wthW mk;kf;fs; jkJ Milfis mzptu;. md;iwa r%fj;jpy; K];ypk;fs; ‘Kf;fhL’ NghLfpd;w tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jkf;F cupikapy;yhj Mz;fisf; fhZfpd;w NghJ> Kf;fhL J}f;fp NghLfpd;w tof;fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mNjNghy Mz;fis nghWj;jtiuapy;> ghlrhiyf;Fr; nry;Yk; khztu;fs; njhOiff;fhf gs;spf;Fr; nry;Yk; Mz; kf;fs; njhg;gpfis mzpe;J nry;tu;. mjpYk; Kjpatu;fs; vy;yhNeuKk; njhg;gpfis mzpgtu;fshff; fhzg;gl;ldu;.

“jiytu; mjpub mbg;gilia Gwf;fzpj;J rLjpahf ngz;fs; gFjpia Nehf;fp ele;jhu;. clNd mj;jid ngz;fSk; rpupg;Gk; kfpo;Tkhf ntl;fg;gl;L Kf;fhl;ilAk; Ke;jhidfisAk; rup nra;J Fk;gyhf vOe;jdu;.”[42]

3.2.6.2. ek;gpf;iffs;:

fpof;fpyq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy; ,q;F K];ypk;fs;> jkpou; ,U ,dKk; fye;J tho;fpd;wdu;. vdNt ,UtuJ fyhr;rhuKk; mtu;fSf;Fs; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jtij fhzyhk;. me;jtifapy; ,];yhj;jpw;F Kuzhd rpy tplaq;fis ek;gpf;if vd;w ngaupy; gpd;gw;wp tUfpd;w Nghf;F K];ypk; r%fj;jpilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mt;thW mf;fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehtypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iw Nehf;FNthkhapd;>

rpahwk; topghL:

rpahwq;fs; vd;gJ> xU r%fj;jpd; tuyhw;W milahsq;fspd; xU gFjp> mit kdpju;fspd; fg;WfshfNth> epidT ,lq;fshfNth> milahsg; nghUl;fshfNth ,Uf;f KbAk;> rpahwq;fs; vd;why; mit fy;yiwfs; kl;LNk vd;gJ xU rpyuJ fUj;J. xypAy;yhf;fs;> typAy;yhf;fs; vdg;gLfpd;w ,iwNeru;fs; ,we;jjd; gpd; mtu;fSf;F rpahwk; mikf;fg;gLk;. mr;rpahwq;fis tzq;Ffpd;w Nghf;F K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; rpyupilNa fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; my;yh`;it kl;Lk; tzq;fNtz;Lk;. vdpDk; rpygFjpfspy;> rpahuq;fis tzq;Ffpd;w Nghf;Fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjhtJ typkhu;fs; ,we;jjd; gpd;dUk; mtu;fs; mw;Gjq;fis epfo;j;jp kf;fspd; Fiwfisj; jPu;g;ghu;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;if K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; rpy gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; mr;rpahwq;fis mtu;fs; tzq;fp te;jdu;. ,Jgw;wp ,e;ehtypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,q;F ‘fhl;lTypah mg;gh’ vd;gtupd; rpahwj;ij tzq;Ffpd;w Nghf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

“jiytupd; fl;lisg;gb Kj;JK`k;kJ gs;spKidf;F te;jpUe;jhd;. Kjypy; fhl;ly;ypah mg;gh rpahwk; nrd;W Neu;j;jp nra;J kPz;lhd;.”[43]

vd md;iwa r%fj;jpd; rpahw topghl;L ek;gpf;if gw;wp Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.

rj;jpak; nra;jy;:

,];yhk; Xupiwf; nfhs;if nfhz;l khu;f;fk;. ,jpy; my;yh`;tpw;F kl;LNk rj;jpak; nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Mdhy; Fu;Md; kPJ rj;jpak; nra;jy;> rpahuk; kPJ rj;jpak; nra;jy;> jiyapy; rj;jpak; nra;jy; Nghd;w ek;kgpf;iffs; K];ypk;fs; kj;jpapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it me;epa fyhr;rhu jhf;fk; K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;ljd; tpisT vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,t;thW rj;jpak; nra;fpd;wNghf;F K];ypk; r%fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gjid ,e;ehtypy; ehtyhrpupau; Fwpg;gpl;s;shu;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

“Kj;J kr;rhd jtpu Ntw ahUk; ,e;j nfrl;l Nfl;f $lh. mg;gb Nfl;lh my;yhwpa> me;j ikjpd; Mz;ltU mwpa rj;jpak; gz;zp nrhy;Nwd;. fpahkj;J ehisapy; Nfl;l Mf;fs;s nrtpfs;y my;yh`{j;jMyh <aj;jf; fhr;rp Cj;Jthd;…”

“rup…Nrkd;…! my;yh`; mUspa ,e;j Gdpj jpUf;Fu;Md; kPJ rj;jpakhf… nrhy;…! rg;Gr; Ry;jhidf; nfhiy nra;jJ ePah…?”[44]

vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

rhf;FUtp fj;Jjy;:

md;iwa rKjhaj;jpy; rhf;FUtp fj;Jjy; vDk; ek;gpf;if fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;FUtp fj;Jk; NghJ Cupy; ,wg;Gfs; Vw;gLk; vd;w ek;gpf;if mtu;fsplkpUe;jJ. ,jid K];ypk;fs; ‘,];uhaPy;FUtp’ vd;w mioj;jdu;. ,e;ehtypy; ,r;rhf;FUtp fj;Jjy; vd;gJ ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; Ngrg;gl;Ls;sJ.

“,njd;d FUtpuh… ghu;uh nea;ehU!

,jhd;… Nla;> Kj;Jk;kJ… ,J ,rpuhapy; FUtpNlh…. t;…

mjpy;ylh  nghl;ilah… nre;jiy ikdhlh ,J

,y;ylh Ngah> mJ Ntwlh… ,J rhf;FUtp!

,Jte;j CUy mLf;fLf;fh ‘nksj;’J cOk; Rtu;! Rtu;!! ,J ,];uhapy; FUtpahd;… k;kh… MuhU nksNjh ,dp…?”[45]

vd;w ciuahly; %yk; ,e;ek;gpf;if ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t;thW fpof;fpyq;ifapd; Nghu;Kfk; ,dj;Jt murpaiy ntspg;gLj;j tpise;j Mrpupau; mr;r%f ek;gpf;if  rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;wpD}Nl $wpapUg;gJ rpwg;Gf;FupaJ.

xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ghu;f;fpd;w NghJ> ,e;ehtypy; gaq;futhjk; #o;e;j Ntisapy;> mk;kf;fspd; ifaW epiyia ikakhff; nfhz;L> fpuhkj;jpd; Nju;jy;fs epytuk;> nfhiyf; fstpguq;fs;> tu;f;f Kuz;epiyfs;> fhjy; czu;T> tpLjiy czu;T vd;gtw;iw ntF ajhu;j;jkhf rpj;jupj;j mNjNtis mf;fpuhkj;J kdpju;fspd; kdtpay;Gfs;> tu;zizfs;> Ngr;Nrhirfs;> fyhrhu gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fs; vd;gtw;iwAk;  fijNahl;lj;jpd; CNl mw;Gjkhf ifahz;Ls;shu;.

 

 

 

 

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[1] Neu;fhzy;> nes]hj;> Mu;. vk;. (Mrpupau;)

[2] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.15.

[3] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.16.

[4] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.17.

[5] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.17.

[6] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.20.

[7] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.100.

[8] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.181.

[9] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.21.

[10] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.

[11] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.15.

[12] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.112.

[13] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.15.

[14] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.115.

[15] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.120.

[16] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.123

[17] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.35

[18] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.115

[19] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.107.

[20] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.58

[21] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.117-118.

[22] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.14

[23] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.15

[24] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.32

[25] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.54

[26] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.15

[27] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.22

[28] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.32

[29] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.29

[30] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.46

[31] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.53

[32] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.18

[33] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.94

[34] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.20

[35] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.120

[36] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.106

[37] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.43

[38] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.106

[39] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.21

[40] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.138

[41] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.39

[42] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.25

[43] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.116

[44]nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.138

[45] nes]hj;>Mu;.vk;.> (2013)> nfhy;ynjOJjy; 90> gf;.136